The Postgraduate study is integrative in nature. Overlap of topics is expected in all papers

1. Describe biochemical reactions causing H2O2 mediated damage to cell membrane lipid| How NADPH is used to metabolize H2O2| How G6PD mutations are inherited| What are biochemical events causing hemolysis in G6PD deficiency| Explain principle of Methelene Blue based screening test for diagnosis of G6PD deficiency
2. Explain role of Fe2+, heme and globins in hemoglobin mediated O2 and CO2 transport. Emphasize role of distal and proximal histidine of globin. Enlist series of molecular events responsible for increased O2 affinity of Hb when one of its globin bind O2. Explain molecular basis of relationship between O2 and carbon monoxide in context of hemoglobin structure and function. What is carbon monoxide concentration in various environment
3. Describe biochemical structure of bacterial cell wall and give overview of its synthesis. How does it differ in Gram positive and negative organisms. Describe biochemical mechanism of action of antibiotics affecting bacterial cell wall. Explain biochemical strategies used by bacteria to develop resistance to these antibiotics.
4. Explain mechanism of autoimmune disease following bacterial infection and immune-mediated hypersensitivity to antibiotics
5. Protein life cycle
6. Protein sequencing using Edman reaction
7. Protein folding and its perturbation causing diseases
8. Post-translational modifications in collagen
9. Enzymatic pathways of methemoglobin reduction and biochemical basis for use of methelene blue in treatment of methemoglobinemia.
10. Enzymatic pathways of methemoglobin reduction and biochemical basis for use of methelene blue in reagents for diagnosis of G6PD deficiency.
11. Amino acid substitutions in hemoglobin variants and correlation with electrophoretic mobility and sickling test
12. Single molecule enzymology
13. Molar absorptivity of NADH and calculation of enzyme factors
14. Recombinant fusion proteins in affinity chromatography purification of proteins
15. artifacts from RNA world
16. Enzymes do not affect equilibrium of chemical reaction.
17. Km and Vmax in competitive and noncompetitive enzyme inhibition
18. Catalytic constant and catalytic efficiency
19. Difference between feedback regulation and feedback inhibition
20. Compare and contrast five Basic Local Alignment Search Tools (BLAST)
21. Cytochrome P-450
22. Cyanide poisoning – biochemical consequences and biochemical basis of its treatment
23. States of respiratory control
24. Uncouplers of respiratory chain
25. Thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue
26. Overview of carbohydrate metabolism
27. Overview of fatty acid metabolism
28. Overview of cholesterol metabolism
29. Overview of amino acid metabolism
30. Overview of transport of lipids in blood
31. HDL/VLDL/LDL/Chylomicron
32. Metabolic interrelationship among adipose tissue, liver and extrahepatic tissue
33. Interconversion among glucose, TG and amino acids
34. Reactions unique to gluconeogenesis
35. Metabolism of propipnate
36. Control of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis by Fructose 2-6 biphosphate
37. Major Glucose transporters
38. Screening and diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus
39. Regulation of ketogenesis
40. Biochemical events leading to of ketoacidosis in diabetes mellitus
41. Regulation of acetyl Co-A carboxylase.
42. Regulation of Carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 (CPT 1) by insulin
43. Mechanism of action of aspirin as anti-platelet-aggregation agent.
44. Mechanism of action of corticosteroid as anti-inflammatory agent
45. Aspirin vs. corticosteroid as drugs acting on eicosanoid synthetic pathway
46. Three groups of eicosanoids and their biosynthetic origin
47. EPA and DHA – biochemical basis of their role in health
48. HDL/VLDL/Chylomicron metabolism
49. Triacylglycerol metabolism and its regulation in adipose tissue
50. Perilipin and adipose tissue lipid droplets
51. Hormones and adipose tissue
52. Biochemical events in adipose tissue after a meal
53. Biochemical events in adipose tissue in fasting
54. Molecular basis for regulation of cholesterol biosynthesis in a cell
55. Molecular basis for regulation of HMG Co-A reductase in a cell
56. Functions of non-cholesterol product of cholesterol synthetic pathway
57. Factors affecting cholesterol balance at cellular level
58. Transport of cholesterol among tissues in humans
59. Structure, genetics and biomedical importance of Lp(a)
60. Inherited disorders of plasma lipoproteins
61. Biochemical basis of etiology, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of various hyperphenylalaninemia
62. Non-protein nitrogen products of tyrosine and tryptophan and various drugs affecting their metabolism
63. Maple syrup urine diseases
64. Biosynthesis and metabolism of serotonin and metatonin
65. Biochemical basis of etiology, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of various hyperhomocystinemia
66. Biochemical basis of etiology, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of various disorders of lipid malabsorptio
67. Biochemical cause of major signs and symptoms of porphyrias
68. Biochemical basis of etiology, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of unconjugated neonatal hyperbilirubinemia.
69. DNA packaging in metaphase chromosomes
70. Possible roles of modified histones
71. Major features of human mitochondrial DNA
72. Viral integration and transposons in human genome
73. Structure, function and inhibitors of DNA topoisomerases
74. DNA damage – causes, types, repair pathways and repair fedality
75. Double stranded break repair mechanisms
76. Transcription cycle
77. Transcription control regions for eukaryotic genes
78. Post-trancriptional modification of primary transcript
79. Mechanism of intron removal and alternative splicing
80. Alternative promotor utilization
81. Biogenesis and function of miRNA
82. Degeneracy of genetic code, concept and mechanism of wobbling phenomenon
83. Properties of genetic code
84. Point mutations and frame shift mutations
85. Circularization of mRNA during translation
86. Role of methyl-GTP cap and poly-A tail in translation
87. Antibiotics inhibiting protein synthesis
88. cis and trans epigenetic signals
89. Propagation of epigenetic signal after DNA replication
90. Properties of enhancers
91. DNA motifs
92. Various ways of gene regulation
93. Regulation of mRNA stability
94. Restriction - Enzymes used in recombinant DNA research
95. structure pf plasmid pBR322 and its use in recombinant DNA technology
96. genomic and cDNA library
97. DNA sequencing by Sanger's
98. Transgenic animals and knockout animals
99. Membrane asymmetry
100. specialized plasma membranes
101. Structure of K+ channel and selectivity
102. Structure and function of clathrin coated vesicles
103. Group 1 and group 2 hormones
104. Biosynthesis, molecular mechanism and disorders of calcitriol.
105. Iodide metabolism in thyroid follicles
106. Regulation of gene expression by class 1 hormones
107. G protein coupled receptors
108. Phospholipase C mediated second messenger system
109. Insulin signaling -
110. Nuclear receptor superfamily
111. Absorption of iron
112. Biochemical functions of various types of vitamin A and provitamin A
113. Vitamin K cycle and drugs acting on it
114. Mechanism of methotrexate and 5-flurouracil
115. Mechanism of carboxylation by biotin
116. Sources of free radicals and tissue damages caused by them
117. Antioxidents can be pro-oxidents
118. Cotranslational targeting of secretory proteins to endoplasmic reticulum
119. Peroxismal protein sorting and Zellweger syndrome
120. Entry of protein from cytoplasm to nucleoplasm
121. Entry of protein from cytoplasm to mitochondia
122. Cotranslational insertion of membrane proteins
123. Chaperones
124. Ubiquitin mediated protein degradation
125. COP 1, COP2 and clathrin coated vesicles
126. Lectins
127. Role of dolichol in synthesis of N-linked glycoprotein
128. GPI anchored proteind
129. Formation and consequences of advanced glycation endproducts
130. Biochemical basis of difference in clinical presentation of seasonal flu and bird flu/swine flu
131. Order and location of various post-translational processing of collagen
132. Biochemical mechanism of bone resorption in ostoclast
133. Molecular organization in cartilages
134. Biochemical events occurring during skeletal muscle contraction
135. Biochemical peculiarities and functions of sarcoplasmic reticulum
136. Dystrophin and musle cytoskeleton
137. Regulation of smooth muscle contraction
138. Difference in biochemical mechanism between skeletal and smooth muscle contraction
139. Metabolism and function of nitrogen oxide
140. Biochemical difference between muscle fibers and fuel used by sprinter and marathon runner
141. Non-heme transport of iron in enterocytes
142. Transferrin cycle
143. Regulation of synthesis of Ferritin and Transferrin-receptor
144. Role of hepcidin in iron metabolism
145. Changes in various laboratory tests in iron deficiency anemia
146. alpha-1 antitrypsin function and deficiency
147. genetics of ABO blood groups
148. Metabolism of RBC
149. Important reactions related to oxidative stress in various cells
150. RBC cytoskeleton and hereditary spherocytosis
151. Respiratory burst in neutrophils and related disorders
152. Role of NADPH oxidase and myeloperoxidase in neutrophils
153. Properties of cytochrome P450
154. Various types of type-2 reactions in metabolism of xenobiotics
155. Xenobiotic mediated cell inury
156. Mitochondrial theory of aging
157. Role of protein glycation in protein-protein crosslinking
158. Metabolic theory of aging
159. Telomere – structure, function and its replication
160. Ames test for detection of carcinogens
161. Oncogenes
162. Biochemical basis of apoptosis
163. Biochemical aspects of metastasis
164. Mechanism of action of various anticancer drugs
165. Hypoxia induced molecular events leading to altered gene expression
166. Explain leuminescence, chemileuminescence, bioleuminesence, enhanced chemileuminesence, and electrochemileuminesence
167. Dietary reference intake
168. Shotgun sequencing
169. Ethics in medical laboratory
170. Principle of electrochemileuminesence
171. Cost minimization, cost-benifit, cost-effectiveness and cost-utility analysis for laboratory tests
172. Various types of blood collection tubes for serum separation
173. Lactic acidosis – causes and biochemical basis of expected results of various laboratory examination
174. Causes and biochemical basis of expected results of various laboratory examination in diabetic ketoacidosis
175. Biochemical basis of expected results of Blood gas analysis in severe emphysema
176. Biochemical basis of expected results of various laboratory examination in renal tubular acidosis
177. Capillary blood sampling – methods and uses
178. Types questions clinicians try to answer by requesting laboratory examinations
179. Voltametry in clinical chemistry
180. Types of bilirubin in plasma and its detection by various methods
181. Limitations of use of SI units in clinical chemistry
182. Blunt end recombination of DNA
183. SARS CoV2 lifecycle
184. Mechanism of action of Vaccines against COVID19
185. Mechanism of action of Drugs against COVID19
186. Role of Clinical Biochemistry in COVID19 pandemic
187. Inflammatory Markers in COVID19 management
188. Biochemical Differences between delta and omicron variants of SARSCoV2 ant its clinical significance

1. ISO 15189-2012
2. ISO 15189-2012 vs 2007
3. NABL-112
4. Process of NABL accreditation
5. Explain any 10 special terms and definitions used in ISO 15189-2012
6. Document control in NABL accredited clinical laboratory / requirements in ISO 15189-2012
7. Identification, control, correction and prevention of nonconformity [in NABL accredited clinical laboratory / requirements in ISO 15189-2012
8. Internal audit in NABL accredited clinical laboratory / requirements in ISO 15189-2012
9. Risk management in NABL accredited clinical laboratory / requirements in ISO 15189-2012
10. Quality indicators in NABL accredited clinical laboratory / requirements in ISO 15189-2012
11. Personnel records in NABL accredited clinical laboratory / requirements in ISO 15189-2012
12. Equipment records in NABL accredited clinical laboratory / requirements in ISO 15189-2012
13. Reagents and consumables requirements in ISO 15189-2012 / management in NABL accredited clinical laboratory
14. Requirements in ISO 15189-2012 about Information for patients and users
15. Requirements in ISO 15189-2012 about Request form information
16. Requirements in ISO 15189-2012 about verification and validation of examination procedure
17. Explain measurement uncertainty and its requirements in ISO 15189-2012
18. Requirements in ISO 15189-2012 about documentation of examination procedures
19. Report content requirements in ISO 15189-2012
20. Requirements in ISO 15189-2012 about release of reports
21. Information system management requirements in ISO 15189-2012
22. Describe detailed process map of blood sample centrifugation. Identify risks involved in the process and possible steps to mitigate them.
23. nabl.pdf

1. Microteaching
2. OSPE and OSCE
3. Teaching methods for large group
4. Teaching methods for small group
5. Problem based learning
6. Teaching aids
7. Characteristics of good poster presentation
8. Characteristics of good slide presentation to 150 student class
9. How to write good MCQ question paper

1. statin
2. fibrate
3. Niacin
4. cholestyramin
5. ezetimibe
6. penicilline
7. quinolone
8. folate antagonists
9. sulphonamide
10. neuraminidase inhibitors
11. protease inhibitors
12. M protein inhibitor- amantidine
13. Reverse trascriptase inhibitors
14. integrase inhibitors
15. anti cancer drugs mechanism
16. H1N1
17. HIV

1. Immunoglobulin
2. Complement
3. B cell Receptor
4. T Cell receptors
5. MHC
6. Immune diversityAllelic exclusion, DNA rearrangement in B and T cell, Junctional diversity, Somatic hypermutation, Isotype switching
7. Extracelluar and intracellular antigen presentation
8. T Cell activation
9. B Cell activation
10. T cell and B cell effector functions
11. ADA, Chronic granulomatous disease, Ataxia Telegactesia
12. Autoimmunity

• Self tolerance
• Central
• Peripheral
• Loss of self tolerance
• structural molecular mimicr
• Neoantigen
• Epitope spreading

1. Ethical issues in clinical chemistry
2. Process of introducing new laboratory method in routine use
3. Repeatability, reproducibility, intermediate precision and interlaboratory precision
4. Measurement of within run precision using 20 sets of within-batch-duplicate measurement
5. Precision profile of an examination at different analyte concentration
6. Evaluation of the Linearity of Quantitative Measurement Procedures CLSI EP 06-A
7. LoB,LoD,LoQ and LoL
8. Procedures for setting analytical goals for clinical chemistry examinations
9. Bland Altman plot for comparison between two methods
10. Absolute and relative Bland Altman plot for comparison between two methods
11. Regression analysis
12. Concept of significant digits in clinical chemistry
13. Traceability and measurement uncertainty
14. Sensitivity and specificity of diagnostic test and ROC curve
15. Types of clinical questions addressed in laboratory medicine with examples
16. Hierarchy of evidences for decision making about appropriateness of a laboratory examination
17. Standards for reporting diagnostic accuracy (STARD) used for evaluating evidence published for accuracy of laboratory test
18. Critical appraisal and systemic review of diagnostic tests
19. Economic evaluation of diagnostic tests
20. Different meanings of “Normal Value” and difference from “Reference value” and “Clinical decision limits”
21. Conditions to compare patient results with reference values
22. Strategies for selecting reference individuals for determining reference values of a diagnostic test
23. Parametric and nonparametric methods for determining reference values
24. Univariate, multiple univariate and multivariate reference values
25. Subject based reference values
26. Circadian rhythm as preanalytical variable
27. Diet and alcohol as preanalytical variable
28. Noncontrollable preanalytical variable
29. Biological variability of clinical chemistry examinations
30. Recommended order of draw, stopper color, content and inversions
31. Types of vacuum tubes for collection of blood for serum
32. Newer advances in vacuum tubes technology for patient and phlebotomist safety
33. Skin puncture for sample collection
34. Arterial puncture for sample collection
35. Various anticoagulents and preservatives in blood
36. Collection of urine specimen
37. Cost of Quality with reference to clinical laboratory
38. Concept of six sigma and measurement of sigma in a clinical chemistry laboratory
39. Calibrator traceability
40. LJ Chart for quality control
41. Westgard rules for interpretation of QC results
42. Control of quality using patient data from single and multiple patients
43. Desirable characteristics of EQA program for clinical chemistry
44. Explain Trueness, accuracy and precision with examples
45. Explain repeatability and reproducibility with examples
46. mole, molarity, molality and normality
47. Concentration quantities and units in clinical biochemistry
48. SI units in clinical biochemistry
49. Standardized reporting of test results
50. Reagent grade water – CLSI specifications and preparation/instrumentation
51. Reference materials, Reference methods and Reference laboratories
52. Measurement of volume in clinical chemistry
53. Micropipette/Pipette/ Volumetric flask calibration
54. Types, operating principles, calibration, care and maintenance of centrifuges
55. Buffers in clinical chemistry reagents – principles, preparation and uses
56. Ethical issues in clinical chemistry
57. Hazards in clinical laboratory
58. Color coding, order of draw, mixing recommendations of vacuum tubes for sample collection
59. Causes and prevention of error and hazards in sample collection
60. Beer's law, relationship between Transmittance and Absorbance and its application in clinical chemistry.
61. Explain concept and application of Molar Absorptivity giving suitable examples.
62. Draw diagram of a spectrophotometer. How double-beam-in-time spectrophotometer differ from double-beam-in-space spectrophotometer
63. Spectral isolation in optical analytical equipments
64. Wavelengh accuracy, spectral band width, stray light and photometric accuracy of optical analytical equipments
65. Principle, instrumentation and use of atomic absorption spectrometry in clinical chemistry
66. Zeeman correction in atomic absorption spectrometry
67. Principle of flurometry and fluroscence polarization
68. Components of flurometric equipment
69. Principles of Luminecence, bioluminecence, chemiluminecence, enhanced chemileuminecence and electrochemileuminicence
70. Principle and instrumentation of nephelometry and turbidimetry
71. Potentiometry using Ion selective electrodes for H+, Na+, K+ and Cl-
72. Potentiometry electrodes for pCO2
73. Amperometric electrode for pO2
74. Amperometric O2 based and H2O2 based glucose electrodes
75. Potentiometric enzyme electrode for blood urea
76. Biosensors – enzyme based and affinity based
77. Affinity sensors for specific protein and DNA detection
78. Electrophoresis support media
79. Isoelectric focusing
80. Principle of SDS PAGE
81. Troubleshooting SDS PAGE
82. Principle, instrumentation and uses of capillary electrophoresis
83. Microchip electrophoresis
84. Separation mechanisms used in chromatography
85. Size exclusion chromatography
86. Affinity chromatography
87. Explain chromatographic resolution and efficiency
88. Instrumentation of HPLC
89. HPLC sample injector
90. HPLC columns
91. HPLC detectors
92. Instrumentation of Gas Chromatography
93. GC detectors
94. Principle of electron and chemical ionization in mass spectrometer
95. Electrospray Ionization for mass spectrometry
96. MALDI mass spectrometry
97. Principles of various mass analysers for mass spectrometry
98. Quadruple mass analysers
99. Magnetic sector mass analysers
100. TOF mass analysers
101. Quadrupole and linear ion trap mass analysers
102. Tandom mass spectrometry
103. Clinical applications of mass spectrometer
104. Define isoenzymes. Explain genetic origin of isoenzymes. Enlist non-genetic modifications of enzymes resulting in isoforms.
105. Measurement of enzymes by reaction rates
106. Strategy for detection of above-linearity range ALT in automated chemistry analysers
107. Traceability of enzyme measurement
108. Enzymes as analytical reagents
109. Monoclonal antibody productions
110. Labeled immunochemical assays
111. Competitive vs. noncompetitive immunoassay
112. Labels used for nonisotopic immunoassay and their detection limits
113. Heterogenous vs. homogenous immunoassay
114. CEDIA and EMIT
115. Homogenous polarization fluroimmunoassay
116. Principle of PCR
117. PCR optimization and primer design
118. PCR contamination control
119. Hot start PCR
120. Asymmetric PCR
121. Allele specific PCR
122. Single molecule PCR
123. Isothermic PCR amplification based on transcription
124. PCR application detection techniques
125. PCR amplicon discrimination techniques
126. PCR-RFLP
127. Single stranded conformation polymorphism for discrimination of PCR products
128. Denaturing gradient and temperature gradient electrophoresis for discrimination of PCR products
129. Dideoxy terminal sequencing of DNA principle and automated sequencing
130. Emulsion PCR
131. Bridge amplification
132. Absorbance melting curve of double helical nucleic acid
133. Dot-blot hybridization assay
134. Two color DNA microarray
135. [DNA copy number variation assay]]
136. Single copy visualization assay
137. real time PCR with dsDNA binding dyes
138. Real time monitoring of PCR and melting analysis
139. Detection, quantification and identification of amplicon in real time PCR
140. Common probes and dyes for realtime PCR
141. Microchip electrophoresis device
142. Automation in sample identification and data collection
143. Automation in sample transporters
144. Describe components of a automated discrete analyser.
145. Use of barcoding in clinical laboratory
146. Components of Integrated automation system in clinical laboratory
147. Advantages and disadvantages of POCT
148. Ideal requirements of POCT
149. Classification of POCT devices
150. Principle of electrochemical glucose strip used in glucometers
151. Principle of lateral flow immunoassay
152. Principles of HbA1C POCT instruments
153. Assessing need for POCT service
154. **Principles, advantages,disadvantages, clinical interpretation** of various methods for measurement of ALT, AST, Amylase, LDH, CKMB, Psudocholinesterase, ALP, Lipase, total protein, albumin, creatinine, urea, uric acid, Glucose,Cholesterol, TG, HDL, LDL, iron, TIBC HbA1C, Bilirubin, TSH, T4, Free T4, Other hormones and tumor markers
155. Describe genetics, clinical significance,methods for determinations, reference intervals for serum alkaline phosphatase
156. Current applications of tumor markers and their limitations
157. Current recommendations on use of tumor markers
158. Enzymes as tumor markers
159. Screening for urine microalbuminuria in diabetes mellitus
160. Describe formation of creatinine in body Describe salient features of chemical and enzymatic methods for serum creatinine measurement. Give account of quality issues in creatinine measurement. List advantages and disadvantages of markers of GFR. Explain use of IDMS traceable MDRD equation for estimating GFR from serum creatinine.
161. DM diagnostic guideline
162. ATP IV Hypercholesterolemia diagnostic guidline
163. Cholesterol reference material, method and laboratories
164. beta thalassemia – genetics, pathogenesis, diagnosis
165. Explain different types of isoenzymes and isoforms of Creatine Kinase in humans. Describe principle of measurement of CK-MB by catalytic method and mass method. Why the catalytic method generally contain N-acetyl cysteine, AMP and diadenosine-pentaphosphate