Differences

This shows you the differences between two versions of the page.

Link to this comparison view

Both sides previous revision Previous revision
Next revision		 Previous revision
enzymology [2023/10/29 17:18] – quality_managerenzymology [2025/02/09 10:31] (current) – admin
Line 1: Line 1:
-1. Enzymes do not affect equilibrium of chemical reaction. +  - Enzymes do not affect equilibrium of chemical reaction.  
- +  - Km and Vmax in competitive and noncompetitive enzyme inhibition 
-2. Km and Vmax in competitive and noncompetitive enzyme inhibition +  - Catalytic constant and catalytic efficiency 
- +  - Difference between feedback regulation and feedback inhibition 
-3. Catalytic constant and catalytic efficiency +  - Explain different types of isoenzymes and isoforms of Creatine Kinase in humans. Describe principle of measurement of CK-MB by catalytic method and mass method. Why the catalytic method generally contain N-acetyl cysteine, AMP and diadenosine-pentaphosphate 
- +  - Single molecule enzymology 
-4. Difference between feedback regulation and feedback inhibition +  - Describe biochemical structure of bacterial cell wall and give overview of its synthesis. How does it differ in Gram positive and negative organisms.  
- +  - Describe biochemical mechanism of action of antibiotics affecting bacterial cell wall. Explain biochemical strategies used by bacteria to develop resistance to these antibiotics.  
- +  - Explain mechanism of autoimmune disease following bacterial infection and immune-mediated hypersensitivity to antibiotics 
- +  - Molar absorptivity of NADH and calculation of enzyme factors 
- +  - Recombinant fusion proteins in affinity chromatography purification of proteins 
-Describe biochemical structure of bacterial cell wall and give overview of its synthesis. How does it differ in Gram positive and negative organisms. Describe biochemical mechanism of action of antibiotics affecting bacterial cell wall. Explain biochemical strategies used by bacteria to develop resistance to these antibiotics. Explain mechanism of autoimmune disease following bacterial infection and immune-mediated hypersensitivity to antibiotics +  - artifacts from RNA world 
- +  - Compare and contrast five Basic Local Alignment Search Tools (BLAST) 
-11. Single molecule enzymology +  - Cytochrome P-450 
-12. Molar absorptivity of NADH and calculation of enzyme factors +  - Overview of amino acid metabolism 
-13. Recombinant fusion proteins in affinity chromatography purification of proteins +  - Membrane asymmetry 
-14. artifacts from RNA world +  - specialized plasma membranes 
-19. Compare and contrast five Basic Local Alignment Search Tools (BLAST) +  - Structure of K+ channel and selectivity 
-20. Cytochrome P-450 +  - Structure and function of clathrin coated vesicles 
-22. States of respiratory control +  -Group 1 and group 2 hormones 
-26.  +  - Regulation of gene expression by class 1 hormones 
-28. Overview of amino acid metabolism +  - G protein coupled receptors 
-98. Membrane asymmetry +  - Phospholipase C mediated second messenger system 
-99. specialized plasma membranes +  - Insulin signaling - 
-100. Structure of K+ channel and selectivity +  - Nuclear receptor superfamily 
-101. Structure and function of clathrin coated vesicles +  -Sources of free radicals and tissue damages caused by them 
-102. Group 1 and group 2 hormones +  -Antioxidents can be pro-oxidents 
-105. Regulation of gene expression by class 1 hormones +  - COP 1, COP2 and clathrin coated vesicles 
-106. G protein coupled receptors +  - Lectins 
-107. Phospholipase C mediated second messenger system +  - Role of dolichol in synthesis of N-linked glycoprotein 
-108. Insulin signaling - +  - GPI anchored proteind 
-109. Nuclear receptor superfamily +  - Biochemical mechanism of bone resorption in ostoclast 
-115. Sources of free radicals and tissue damages caused by them +  - Molecular organization in cartilages 
-116. Antioxidents can be pro-oxidents +  - Metabolism and function of nitrogen oxide 
-124. COP 1, COP2 and clathrin coated vesicles +  - alpha-1 antitrypsin function and deficiency 
-125. Lectins +  - genetics of ABO blood groups 
-126. Role of dolichol in synthesis of N-linked glycoprotein +  - Metabolism of RBC 
-127. GPI anchored proteind +  - Important reactions related to oxidative stress in various cells 
-131. Biochemical mechanism of bone resorption in ostoclast +  - RBC cytoskeleton and hereditary spherocytosis 
-132. Molecular organization in cartilages +  - Respiratory burst in neutrophils and related disorders 
-133.  +  - Role of NADPH oxidase and myeloperoxidase in neutrophils 
-138. Metabolism and function of nitrogen oxide +  - Properties of cytochrome P450 
-139.  +  -Various types of type-2 reactions in metabolism of xenobiotics 
-140.  +  - Xenobiotic mediated cell inury 
-145. alpha-1 antitrypsin function and deficiency +  - Mitochondrial theory of aging 
-146. genetics of ABO blood groups +  - Role of protein glycation in protein-protein crosslinking 
-147. Metabolism of RBC +  - Metabolic theory of aging 
-148. Important reactions related to oxidative stress in various cells +  - Telomere – structure, function and its replication 
-149. RBC cytoskeleton and hereditary spherocytosis +  - Ames test for detection of carcinogens 
-150. Respiratory burst in neutrophils and related disorders +  - Oncogenes 
-151. Role of NADPH oxidase and myeloperoxidase in neutrophils +  -Biochemical basis of apoptosis 
-152. Properties of cytochrome P450 +  - Biochemical aspects of metastasis 
-153. Various types of type-2 reactions in metabolism of xenobiotics +  - Explain leuminescence, chemileuminescence, bioleuminesence, enhanced chemileuminesence, and electrochemileuminesence 
-154. Xenobiotic mediated cell inury +  - Dietary reference intake 
-155. Mitochondrial theory of aging +  - Shotgun sequencing 
-156. Role of protein glycation in protein-protein crosslinking +  -  Ethics in medical laboratory 
-157. Metabolic theory of aging +  - Principle of electrochemileuminesence 
-158. Telomere – structure, function and its replication +  - Cost minimization, cost-benifit, cost-effectiveness and cost-utility analysis for laboratory tests 
-159. Ames test for detection of carcinogens +  -Various types of blood collection tubes for serum separation 
-160. Oncogenes +  - Lactic acidosis – causes and biochemical basis of expected results of various laboratory examination 
-161. Biochemical basis of apoptosis +  - Causes and biochemical basis of expected results of various laboratory examination in diabetic ketoacidosis 
-162. Biochemical aspects of metastasis +  - Biochemical basis of expected results of Blood gas analysis in severe emphysema 
-163.  +  -Biochemical basis of expected results of various laboratory examination in renal tubular acidosis 
-164. Hypoxia induced molecular events leading to altered gene expression +  -Capillary blood sampling – methods and uses 
-165. Explain leuminescence, chemileuminescence, bioleuminesence, enhanced chemileuminesence, and electrochemileuminesence +  - Types questions clinicians try to answer by requesting laboratory examinations 
-166. Dietary reference intake +  - Voltametry in clinical chemistry 
-167. Shotgun sequencing +  - Types of bilirubin in plasma and its detection by various methods 
-168. Ethics in medical laboratory +  -Limitations of use of SI units in clinical chemistry 
-169. Principle of electrochemileuminesence +  -Blunt end recombination of DNA 
-170. Cost minimization, cost-benifit, cost-effectiveness and cost-utility analysis for laboratory tests +  -Describe detailed process map of blood sample centrifugation. Identify risks involved in the process and possible steps to mitigate them. 
-171. Various types of blood collection tubes for serum separation +  - Clinical Chemistry 
-172. Lactic acidosis – causes and biochemical basis of expected results of various laboratory examination +  - Ethical issues in clinical chemistry 
-173. Causes and biochemical basis of expected results of various laboratory examination in diabetic ketoacidosis +  - Principles, advantages,disadvantages, clinical interpretation** of various methods for measurement of ALT, AST, Amylase, LDH, CKMB, Psudocholinesterase, ALP, Lipase, total protein, albumin, creatinine, urea, uric acid, Glucose,Cholesterol, TG, HDL, LDL, iron, TIBC HbA1C, Bilirubin, TSH, T4, Free T4, Other hormones and tumor markers]] 
-174. Biochemical basis of expected results of Blood gas analysis in severe emphysema +  - Describe genetics, clinical significance,methods for determinations, reference intervals for serum alkaline phosphatase 
-175. Biochemical basis of expected results of various laboratory examination in renal tubular acidosis +  - Current applications of tumor markers and their limitations 
-176. Capillary blood sampling – methods and uses +  -Current recommendations on use of tumor markers 
-177. Types questions clinicians try to answer by requesting laboratory examinations +  -  Enzymes as tumor markers 
-178. Voltametry in clinical chemistry +  -Screening for urine microalbuminuria in diabetes mellitus 
-179. Types of bilirubin in plasma and its detection by various methods +  - Describe formation of creatinine in body Describe salient features of chemical and enzymatic methods for serum creatinine measurement. Give account of quality issues in creatinine measurement. List advantages and disadvantages of markers of GFR. Explain use of IDMS traceable MDRD equation for estimating GFR from serum creatinine.
-180. Limitations of use of SI units in clinical chemistry +
-181. Blunt end recombination of DNA +
-22. Describe detailed process map of blood sample centrifugation. Identify risks involved in the process and possible steps to mitigate them. +
- +
-Clinical Chemistry +
-1. Ethical issues in clinical chemistry +
-2.  +
-63. Draw diagram of a spectrophotometer. How double-beam-in-time spectrophotometer differ from double-beam-in-space spectrophotometer +
-64. Light sources in analytical equipments +
-65. Spectral isolation in optical analytical equipments +
-66. Wavelengh accuracy, spectral band width, stray light and photometric accuracy of optical analytical equipments +
-67. Principle, instrumentation and use of atomic absorption spectrometry in clinical chemistry +
-68. Zeeman correction in atomic absorption spectrometry +
-69. Principle of flurometry and fluroscence polarization +
-70. Components of flurometric equipment +
-71. Principles of Luminecence, bioluminecence, chemiluminecence, enhanced chemileuminecence and electrochemileuminicence +
-72. Principle and instrumentation of nephelometry and turbidimetry +
-73. Potentiometry using Ion selective electrodes for H+, Na+, K+ and Cl- +
-74. Potentiometry electrodes for pCO2 +
-75. Amperometric electrode for pO2 +
-76. Amperometric O2 based and H2O2 based glucose electrodes +
-77. Potentiometric enzyme electrode for blood urea +
-78. Biosensors – enzyme based and affinity based +
-79. Affinity sensors for specific protein and DNA detection +
-80. Electrophoresis support media +
-81. Isoelectric focusing +
-82. Principle of SDS PAGE +
-83. Troubleshooting SDS PAGE +
-84. Principle, instrumentation and uses of capillary electrophoresis +
-85. Microchip electrophoresis +
-86. Separation mechanisms used in chromatography +
-87. Size exclusion chromatography +
-88. Affinity chromatography +
-89. Explain chromatographic resolution and efficiency +
-90. Instrumentation of HPLC +
-91. HPLC sample injector +
-92. HPLC columns +
-93. HPLC detectors +
-94. Instrumentation of Gas Chromatography +
-95. GC detectors +
-96. Principle of electron and chemical ionization in mass spectrometer +
-97. Electrospray Ionization for mass spectrometry +
-98. MALDI mass spectrometry +
-99. Principles of various mass analysers for mass spectrometry +
-100. Quadruple mass analysers +
-101. Magnetic sector mass analysers +
-102. TOF mass analysers +
-103. Quadrupole and linear ion trap mass analysers +
-104. Tandom mass spectrometry +
-105. Clinical applications of mass spectrometer +
-106. Define isoenzymes. Explain genetic origin of isoenzymes. Enlist non-genetic modifications of enzymes resulting in isoforms. +
-107. Measurement of enzymes by reaction rates +
-108. Strategy for detection of above-linearity range ALT in automated chemistry analysers +
-109. Traceability of enzyme measurement +
-110. Enzymes as analytical reagents +
-111. Monoclonal antibody productions +
-112. Labeled immunochemical assays +
-113. Competitive vs. noncompetitive immunoassay +
-114. Labels used for nonisotopic immunoassay and their detection limits +
-115. Heterogenous vs. homogenous immunoassay +
-116. CEDIA and EMIT +
-117. Homogenous polarization fluroimmunoassay +
-118. Principle of PCR +
-119. PCR optimization and primer design +
-120. PCR contamination control +
-121. Hot start PCR +
-122. Asymmetric PCR +
-123. Allele specific PCR +
-124. Single molecule PCR +
-125. Isothermic PCR amplification based on transcription +
-126. PCR application detection techniques +
-127. PCR amplicon discrimination techniques +
-128. PCR-RFLP +
-129. Single stranded conformation polymorphism for discrimination of PCR products +
-130. Denaturing gradient and temperature gradient electrophoresis for discrimination of PCR products +
-131. Dideoxy terminal sequencing of DNA principle and automated sequencing +
-132. Emulsion PCR +
-133. Bridge amplification +
-134. Absorbance melting curve of double helical nucleic acid +
-135. Dot-blot hybridization assay +
-136. Two color DNA microarray +
-137. DNA copy number variation assay +
-138. Single copy visualization assay +
-139. real time PCR with dsDNA binding dyes +
-140. Real time monitoring of PCR and melting analysis +
-141. Detection, quantification and identification of amplicon in real time PCR +
-142. Common probes and dyes for realtime PCR +
-143. Microchip electrophoresis device +
-144. Automation in sample identification and data collection +
-145. Automation in sample transporters +
-146. Describe components of a automated discrete analyser. +
-147. Use of barcoding in clinical laboratory +
-148. Components of Integrated automation system in clinical laboratory +
-149. Advantages and disadvantages of POCT +
-150. Ideal requirements of POCT +
-151. Classification of POCT devices +
-152. Principle of electrochemical glucose strip used in glucometers +
-153. Principle of lateral flow immunoassay +
-154. Principles of HbA1C POCT instruments +
-155. Assessing need for POCT service +
-156. **Principles, advantages,disadvantages, clinical interpretation** of various methods for measurement of ALT, AST, Amylase, LDH, CKMB, Psudocholinesterase, ALP, Lipase, total protein, albumin, creatinine, urea, uric acid, Glucose,Cholesterol, TG, HDL, LDL, iron, TIBC HbA1C, Bilirubin, TSH, T4, Free T4, Other hormones and tumor markers]] +
-157. Describe genetics, clinical significance,methods for determinations, reference intervals for serum alkaline phosphatase +
-158. Current applications of tumor markers and their limitations +
-159. Current recommendations on use of tumor markers +
-160. Enzymes as tumor markers +
-161. Screening for urine microalbuminuria in diabetes mellitus +
-162. Describe formation of creatinine in body Describe salient features of chemical and enzymatic methods for serum creatinine measurement. Give account of quality issues in creatinine measurement. List advantages and disadvantages of markers of GFR. Explain use of IDMS traceable MDRD equation for estimating GFR from serum creatinine. +
-163. DM diagnostic guideline +
-164. ATP IV Hypercholesterolemia diagnostic guidline +
-165. Cholesterol reference material, method and laboratories +
-166. beta thalassemia – genetics, pathogenesis, diagnosis +
-167. Explain different types of isoenzymes and isoforms of Creatine Kinase in humans. Describe principle of measurement of CK-MB by catalytic method and mass method. Why the catalytic method generally contain N-acetyl cysteine, AMP and diadenosine-pentaphosphate+