This is an old revision of the document!

1. Enzymes do not affect equilibrium of chemical reaction.

2. Km and Vmax in competitive and noncompetitive enzyme inhibition

3. Catalytic constant and catalytic efficiency

4. Difference between feedback regulation and feedback inhibition

Describe biochemical structure of bacterial cell wall and give overview of its synthesis. How does it differ in Gram positive and negative organisms. Describe biochemical mechanism of action of antibiotics affecting bacterial cell wall. Explain biochemical strategies used by bacteria to develop resistance to these antibiotics. Explain mechanism of autoimmune disease following bacterial infection and immune-mediated hypersensitivity to antibiotics

11. Single molecule enzymology 12. Molar absorptivity of NADH and calculation of enzyme factors 13. Recombinant fusion proteins in affinity chromatography purification of proteins 14. artifacts from RNA world 19. Compare and contrast five Basic Local Alignment Search Tools (BLAST) 20. Cytochrome P-450 22. States of respiratory control 26. 28. Overview of amino acid metabolism 98. Membrane asymmetry 99. specialized plasma membranes 100. Structure of K+ channel and selectivity 101. Structure and function of clathrin coated vesicles 102. Group 1 and group 2 hormones 105. Regulation of gene expression by class 1 hormones 106. G protein coupled receptors 107. Phospholipase C mediated second messenger system 108. Insulin signaling - 109. Nuclear receptor superfamily 115. Sources of free radicals and tissue damages caused by them 116. Antioxidents can be pro-oxidents 124. COP 1, COP2 and clathrin coated vesicles 125. Lectins 126. Role of dolichol in synthesis of N-linked glycoprotein 127. GPI anchored proteind 131. Biochemical mechanism of bone resorption in ostoclast 132. Molecular organization in cartilages 133. 138. Metabolism and function of nitrogen oxide 139. 140. 145. alpha-1 antitrypsin function and deficiency 146. genetics of ABO blood groups 147. Metabolism of RBC 148. Important reactions related to oxidative stress in various cells 149. RBC cytoskeleton and hereditary spherocytosis 150. Respiratory burst in neutrophils and related disorders 151. Role of NADPH oxidase and myeloperoxidase in neutrophils 152. Properties of cytochrome P450 153. Various types of type-2 reactions in metabolism of xenobiotics 154. Xenobiotic mediated cell inury 155. Mitochondrial theory of aging 156. Role of protein glycation in protein-protein crosslinking 157. Metabolic theory of aging 158. Telomere – structure, function and its replication 159. Ames test for detection of carcinogens 160. Oncogenes 161. Biochemical basis of apoptosis 162. Biochemical aspects of metastasis 163. 164. Hypoxia induced molecular events leading to altered gene expression 165. Explain leuminescence, chemileuminescence, bioleuminesence, enhanced chemileuminesence, and electrochemileuminesence 166. Dietary reference intake 167. Shotgun sequencing 168. Ethics in medical laboratory 169. Principle of electrochemileuminesence 170. Cost minimization, cost-benifit, cost-effectiveness and cost-utility analysis for laboratory tests 171. Various types of blood collection tubes for serum separation 172. Lactic acidosis – causes and biochemical basis of expected results of various laboratory examination 173. Causes and biochemical basis of expected results of various laboratory examination in diabetic ketoacidosis 174. Biochemical basis of expected results of Blood gas analysis in severe emphysema 175. Biochemical basis of expected results of various laboratory examination in renal tubular acidosis 176. Capillary blood sampling – methods and uses 177. Types questions clinicians try to answer by requesting laboratory examinations 178. Voltametry in clinical chemistry 179. Types of bilirubin in plasma and its detection by various methods 180. Limitations of use of SI units in clinical chemistry 181. Blunt end recombination of DNA 22. Describe detailed process map of blood sample centrifugation. Identify risks involved in the process and possible steps to mitigate them.

Clinical Chemistry 1. Ethical issues in clinical chemistry 2. 63. Draw diagram of a spectrophotometer. How double-beam-in-time spectrophotometer differ from double-beam-in-space spectrophotometer 64. Light sources in analytical equipments 65. Spectral isolation in optical analytical equipments 66. Wavelengh accuracy, spectral band width, stray light and photometric accuracy of optical analytical equipments 67. Principle, instrumentation and use of atomic absorption spectrometry in clinical chemistry 68. Zeeman correction in atomic absorption spectrometry 69. Principle of flurometry and fluroscence polarization 70. Components of flurometric equipment 71. Principles of Luminecence, bioluminecence, chemiluminecence, enhanced chemileuminecence and electrochemileuminicence 72. Principle and instrumentation of nephelometry and turbidimetry 73. Potentiometry using Ion selective electrodes for H+, Na+, K+ and Cl- 74. Potentiometry electrodes for pCO2 75. Amperometric electrode for pO2 76. Amperometric O2 based and H2O2 based glucose electrodes 77. Potentiometric enzyme electrode for blood urea 78. Biosensors – enzyme based and affinity based 79. Affinity sensors for specific protein and DNA detection 80. Electrophoresis support media 81. Isoelectric focusing 82. Principle of SDS PAGE 83. Troubleshooting SDS PAGE 84. Principle, instrumentation and uses of capillary electrophoresis 85. Microchip electrophoresis 86. Separation mechanisms used in chromatography 87. Size exclusion chromatography 88. Affinity chromatography 89. Explain chromatographic resolution and efficiency 90. Instrumentation of HPLC 91. HPLC sample injector 92. HPLC columns 93. HPLC detectors 94. Instrumentation of Gas Chromatography 95. GC detectors 96. Principle of electron and chemical ionization in mass spectrometer 97. Electrospray Ionization for mass spectrometry 98. MALDI mass spectrometry 99. Principles of various mass analysers for mass spectrometry 100. Quadruple mass analysers 101. Magnetic sector mass analysers 102. TOF mass analysers 103. Quadrupole and linear ion trap mass analysers 104. Tandom mass spectrometry 105. Clinical applications of mass spectrometer 106. Define isoenzymes. Explain genetic origin of isoenzymes. Enlist non-genetic modifications of enzymes resulting in isoforms. 107. Measurement of enzymes by reaction rates 108. Strategy for detection of above-linearity range ALT in automated chemistry analysers 109. Traceability of enzyme measurement 110. Enzymes as analytical reagents 111. Monoclonal antibody productions 112. Labeled immunochemical assays 113. Competitive vs. noncompetitive immunoassay 114. Labels used for nonisotopic immunoassay and their detection limits 115. Heterogenous vs. homogenous immunoassay 116. CEDIA and EMIT 117. Homogenous polarization fluroimmunoassay 118. Principle of PCR 119. PCR optimization and primer design 120. PCR contamination control 121. Hot start PCR 122. Asymmetric PCR 123. Allele specific PCR 124. Single molecule PCR 125. Isothermic PCR amplification based on transcription 126. PCR application detection techniques 127. PCR amplicon discrimination techniques 128. PCR-RFLP 129. Single stranded conformation polymorphism for discrimination of PCR products 130. Denaturing gradient and temperature gradient electrophoresis for discrimination of PCR products 131. Dideoxy terminal sequencing of DNA principle and automated sequencing 132. Emulsion PCR 133. Bridge amplification 134. Absorbance melting curve of double helical nucleic acid 135. Dot-blot hybridization assay 136. Two color DNA microarray 137. DNA copy number variation assay 138. Single copy visualization assay 139. real time PCR with dsDNA binding dyes 140. Real time monitoring of PCR and melting analysis 141. Detection, quantification and identification of amplicon in real time PCR 142. Common probes and dyes for realtime PCR 143. Microchip electrophoresis device 144. Automation in sample identification and data collection 145. Automation in sample transporters 146. Describe components of a automated discrete analyser. 147. Use of barcoding in clinical laboratory 148. Components of Integrated automation system in clinical laboratory 149. Advantages and disadvantages of POCT 150. Ideal requirements of POCT 151. Classification of POCT devices 152. Principle of electrochemical glucose strip used in glucometers 153. Principle of lateral flow immunoassay 154. Principles of HbA1C POCT instruments 155. Assessing need for POCT service 156. Principles, advantages,disadvantages, clinical interpretation of various methods for measurement of ALT, AST, Amylase, LDH, CKMB, Psudocholinesterase, ALP, Lipase, total protein, albumin, creatinine, urea, uric acid, Glucose,Cholesterol, TG, HDL, LDL, iron, TIBC HbA1C, Bilirubin, TSH, T4, Free T4, Other hormones and tumor markers]] 157. Describe genetics, clinical significance,methods for determinations, reference intervals for serum alkaline phosphatase 158. Current applications of tumor markers and their limitations 159. Current recommendations on use of tumor markers 160. Enzymes as tumor markers 161. Screening for urine microalbuminuria in diabetes mellitus 162. Describe formation of creatinine in body Describe salient features of chemical and enzymatic methods for serum creatinine measurement. Give account of quality issues in creatinine measurement. List advantages and disadvantages of markers of GFR. Explain use of IDMS traceable MDRD equation for estimating GFR from serum creatinine. 163. DM diagnostic guideline 164. ATP IV Hypercholesterolemia diagnostic guidline 165. Cholesterol reference material, method and laboratories 166. beta thalassemia – genetics, pathogenesis, diagnosis 167. Explain different types of isoenzymes and isoforms of Creatine Kinase in humans. Describe principle of measurement of CK-MB by catalytic method and mass method. Why the catalytic method generally contain N-acetyl cysteine, AMP and diadenosine-pentaphosphate