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enzymology [2023/10/29 16:55] – quality_managerenzymology [2025/02/09 10:31] (current) – admin
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-1. Enzymes do not affect equilibrium of chemical reaction. +  - Enzymes do not affect equilibrium of chemical reaction.  
- +  - Km and Vmax in competitive and noncompetitive enzyme inhibition 
-2. Km and Vmax in competitive and noncompetitive enzyme inhibition +  - Catalytic constant and catalytic efficiency 
- +  - Difference between feedback regulation and feedback inhibition 
-3. Catalytic constant and catalytic efficiency +  - Explain different types of isoenzymes and isoforms of Creatine Kinase in humans. Describe principle of measurement of CK-MB by catalytic method and mass method. Why the catalytic method generally contain N-acetyl cysteine, AMP and diadenosine-pentaphosphate 
- +  - Single molecule enzymology 
-4. Difference between feedback regulation and feedback inhibition +  - Describe biochemical structure of bacterial cell wall and give overview of its synthesis. How does it differ in Gram positive and negative organisms.  
- +  - Describe biochemical mechanism of action of antibiotics affecting bacterial cell wall. Explain biochemical strategies used by bacteria to develop resistance to these antibiotics.  
- +  - Explain mechanism of autoimmune disease following bacterial infection and immune-mediated hypersensitivity to antibiotics 
- +  - Molar absorptivity of NADH and calculation of enzyme factors 
- +  - Recombinant fusion proteins in affinity chromatography purification of proteins 
-Describe biochemical structure of bacterial cell wall and give overview of its synthesis. How does it differ in Gram positive and negative organisms. Describe biochemical mechanism of action of antibiotics affecting bacterial cell wall. Explain biochemical strategies used by bacteria to develop resistance to these antibiotics. Explain mechanism of autoimmune disease following bacterial infection and immune-mediated hypersensitivity to antibiotics +  - artifacts from RNA world 
- +  - Compare and contrast five Basic Local Alignment Search Tools (BLAST) 
-11. Single molecule enzymology +  - Cytochrome P-450 
-12. Molar absorptivity of NADH and calculation of enzyme factors +  - Overview of amino acid metabolism 
-13. Recombinant fusion proteins in affinity chromatography purification of proteins +  - Membrane asymmetry 
-14. artifacts from RNA world +  - specialized plasma membranes 
-19. Compare and contrast five Basic Local Alignment Search Tools (BLAST) +  - Structure of K+ channel and selectivity 
-20. Cytochrome P-450 +  - Structure and function of clathrin coated vesicles 
-22. States of respiratory control +  -Group 1 and group 2 hormones 
-26.  +  - Regulation of gene expression by class 1 hormones 
-28. Overview of amino acid metabolism +  - G protein coupled receptors 
-98. Membrane asymmetry +  - Phospholipase C mediated second messenger system 
-99. specialized plasma membranes +  - Insulin signaling - 
-100. Structure of K+ channel and selectivity +  - Nuclear receptor superfamily 
-101. Structure and function of clathrin coated vesicles +  -Sources of free radicals and tissue damages caused by them 
-102. Group 1 and group 2 hormones +  -Antioxidents can be pro-oxidents 
-105. Regulation of gene expression by class 1 hormones +  - COP 1, COP2 and clathrin coated vesicles 
-106. G protein coupled receptors +  - Lectins 
-107. Phospholipase C mediated second messenger system +  - Role of dolichol in synthesis of N-linked glycoprotein 
-108. Insulin signaling - +  - GPI anchored proteind 
-109. Nuclear receptor superfamily +  - Biochemical mechanism of bone resorption in ostoclast 
-115. Sources of free radicals and tissue damages caused by them +  - Molecular organization in cartilages 
-116. Antioxidents can be pro-oxidents +  - Metabolism and function of nitrogen oxide 
-124. COP 1, COP2 and clathrin coated vesicles +  - alpha-1 antitrypsin function and deficiency 
-125. Lectins +  - genetics of ABO blood groups 
-126. Role of dolichol in synthesis of N-linked glycoprotein +  - Metabolism of RBC 
-127. GPI anchored proteind +  - Important reactions related to oxidative stress in various cells 
-131. Biochemical mechanism of bone resorption in ostoclast +  - RBC cytoskeleton and hereditary spherocytosis 
-132. Molecular organization in cartilages +  - Respiratory burst in neutrophils and related disorders 
-133. Biochemical events occurring during skeletal muscle contraction +  - Role of NADPH oxidase and myeloperoxidase in neutrophils 
-134. Biochemical peculiarities and functions of sarcoplasmic reticulum +  - Properties of cytochrome P450 
-135. Dystrophin and musle cytoskeleton +  -Various types of type-2 reactions in metabolism of xenobiotics 
-136. Regulation of smooth muscle contraction +  - Xenobiotic mediated cell inury 
-137. Difference in biochemical mechanism between skeletal and smooth muscle contraction +  - Mitochondrial theory of aging 
-138. Metabolism and function of nitrogen oxide +  - Role of protein glycation in protein-protein crosslinking 
-139. Biochemical difference between muscle fibers and fuel used by sprinter and marathon runner +  - Metabolic theory of aging 
-140. Non-heme transport of iron in enterocytes +  - Telomere – structure, function and its replication 
-141. Transferrin cycle +  - Ames test for detection of carcinogens 
-142. Regulation of synthesis of Ferritin and Transferrin-receptor +  - Oncogenes 
-143. Role of hepcidin in iron metabolism +  -Biochemical basis of apoptosis 
-144. Changes in various laboratory tests in iron deficiency anemia +  - Biochemical aspects of metastasis 
-145. alpha-1 antitrypsin function and deficiency +  - Explain leuminescence, chemileuminescence, bioleuminesence, enhanced chemileuminesence, and electrochemileuminesence 
-146. genetics of ABO blood groups +  - Dietary reference intake 
-147. Metabolism of RBC +  - Shotgun sequencing 
-148. Important reactions related to oxidative stress in various cells +  -  Ethics in medical laboratory 
-149. RBC cytoskeleton and hereditary spherocytosis +  - Principle of electrochemileuminesence 
-150. Respiratory burst in neutrophils and related disorders +  - Cost minimization, cost-benifit, cost-effectiveness and cost-utility analysis for laboratory tests 
-151. Role of NADPH oxidase and myeloperoxidase in neutrophils +  -Various types of blood collection tubes for serum separation 
-152. Properties of cytochrome P450 +  - Lactic acidosis – causes and biochemical basis of expected results of various laboratory examination 
-153. Various types of type-2 reactions in metabolism of xenobiotics +  - Causes and biochemical basis of expected results of various laboratory examination in diabetic ketoacidosis 
-154. Xenobiotic mediated cell inury +  - Biochemical basis of expected results of Blood gas analysis in severe emphysema 
-155. Mitochondrial theory of aging +  -Biochemical basis of expected results of various laboratory examination in renal tubular acidosis 
-156. Role of protein glycation in protein-protein crosslinking +  -Capillary blood sampling – methods and uses 
-157. Metabolic theory of aging +  - Types questions clinicians try to answer by requesting laboratory examinations 
-158. Telomere – structure, function and its replication +  - Voltametry in clinical chemistry 
-159. Ames test for detection of carcinogens +  - Types of bilirubin in plasma and its detection by various methods 
-160. Oncogenes +  -Limitations of use of SI units in clinical chemistry 
-161. Biochemical basis of apoptosis +  -Blunt end recombination of DNA 
-162. Biochemical aspects of metastasis +  -Describe detailed process map of blood sample centrifugation. Identify risks involved in the process and possible steps to mitigate them. 
-163. Mechanism of action of various anticancer drugs +  - Clinical Chemistry 
-164. Hypoxia induced molecular events leading to altered gene expression +  - Ethical issues in clinical chemistry 
-165. Explain leuminescence, chemileuminescence, bioleuminesence, enhanced chemileuminesence, and electrochemileuminesence +  - Principles, advantages,disadvantages, clinical interpretation** of various methods for measurement of ALT, AST, Amylase, LDH, CKMB, Psudocholinesterase, ALP, Lipase, total protein, albumin, creatinine, urea, uric acid, Glucose,Cholesterol, TG, HDL, LDL, iron, TIBC HbA1C, Bilirubin, TSH, T4, Free T4, Other hormones and tumor markers]] 
-166. Dietary reference intake +  - Describe genetics, clinical significance,methods for determinations, reference intervals for serum alkaline phosphatase 
-167. Shotgun sequencing +  - Current applications of tumor markers and their limitations 
-168. Ethics in medical laboratory +  -Current recommendations on use of tumor markers 
-169. Principle of electrochemileuminesence +  -  Enzymes as tumor markers 
-170. Cost minimization, cost-benifit, cost-effectiveness and cost-utility analysis for laboratory tests +  -Screening for urine microalbuminuria in diabetes mellitus 
-171. Various types of blood collection tubes for serum separation +  - Describe formation of creatinine in body Describe salient features of chemical and enzymatic methods for serum creatinine measurement. Give account of quality issues in creatinine measurement. List advantages and disadvantages of markers of GFR. Explain use of IDMS traceable MDRD equation for estimating GFR from serum creatinine.
-172. Lactic acidosis – causes and biochemical basis of expected results of various laboratory examination +
-173. Causes and biochemical basis of expected results of various laboratory examination in diabetic ketoacidosis +
-174. Biochemical basis of expected results of Blood gas analysis in severe emphysema +
-175. Biochemical basis of expected results of various laboratory examination in renal tubular acidosis +
-176. Capillary blood sampling – methods and uses +
-177. Types questions clinicians try to answer by requesting laboratory examinations +
-178. Voltametry in clinical chemistry +
-179. Types of bilirubin in plasma and its detection by various methods +
-180. Limitations of use of SI units in clinical chemistry +
-181. Blunt end recombination of DNA +
-182.  +
-Laboratory Medicine +
-1. ISO 15189-2012 +
-2. ISO 15189-2012 vs 2007 +
-3. NABL-112 +
-4. Process of NABL accreditation +
-5. Explain any 10 special terms and definitions used in ISO 15189-2012 +
-6. Document control in NABL accredited clinical laboratory / requirements in ISO 15189-2012 +
-7. Identification, control, correction and prevention of nonconformity [in NABL accredited clinical laboratory / requirements in ISO 15189-2012 +
-8. Internal audit in NABL accredited clinical laboratory / requirements in ISO 15189-2012 +
-9. Risk management in NABL accredited clinical laboratory / requirements in ISO 15189-2012 +
-10. Quality indicators in NABL accredited clinical laboratory / requirements in ISO 15189-2012 +
-11. Personnel records in NABL accredited clinical laboratory / requirements in ISO 15189-2012 +
-12. Equipment records in NABL accredited clinical laboratory / requirements in ISO 15189-2012 +
-13. Reagents and consumables requirements in ISO 15189-2012 / management in NABL accredited clinical laboratory +
-14. Requirements in ISO 15189-2012 about Information for patients and users +
-15. Requirements in ISO 15189-2012 about Request form information +
-16. Requirements in ISO 15189-2012 about verification and validation of examination procedure +
-17. Explain measurement uncertainty and its requirements in ISO 15189-2012 +
-18. Requirements in ISO 15189-2012 about documentation of examination procedures +
-19. Report content requirements in ISO 15189-2012 +
-20. Requirements in ISO 15189-2012 about release of reports +
-21. Information system management requirements in ISO 15189-2012 +
-22. Describe detailed process map of blood sample centrifugation. Identify risks involved in the process and possible steps to mitigate them. +
-23. nabl.pdf +
-Medical Education +
-1. Microteaching +
-2. OSPE and OSCE +
-3. Teaching methods for large group +
-4. Teaching methods for small group +
-5. Problem based learning +
-6. Teaching aids +
-7. Characteristics of good poster presentation +
-8. Characteristics of good slide presentation to 150 student class +
-9. How to write good MCQ question paper +
-Pharmacology (Biochemical Mechanism of Action of Drugs) and Microbiology +
-1. statin +
-2. fibrate +
-3. Niacin +
-4. cholestyramin +
-5. ezetimibe +
-6. penicilline +
-7. quinolone +
-8. folate antagonists +
-9. sulphonamide +
-10. neuraminidase inhibitors +
-11. protease inhibitors +
-12. M protein inhibitor- amantidine +
-13. Reverse trascriptase inhibitors +
-14. integrase inhibitors +
-15. anti cancer drugs mechanism +
-16. H1N1 +
-17. HIV +
-Immunology +
-1. Immunoglobulin +
-2. Complement +
-3. B cell Receptor +
-4. T Cell receptors +
-5. MHC +
-6. Immune diversityAllelic exclusion, DNA rearrangement in B and T cell, Junctional diversity, Somatic hypermutation, Isotype switching +
-7. Extracelluar and intracellular antigen presentation +
-8. T Cell activation +
-9. B Cell activation +
-10. T cell and B cell effector functions +
-11. ADA, Chronic granulomatous disease, Ataxia Telegactesia +
-12. Autoimmunity +
-a. Self tolerance +
-b. Central +
-c. Peripheral +
-d. Loss of self tolerance +
-e. structural molecular mimicry +
-f. sequestration +
-g. Neoantigen +
-h. Epitope spreading +
-Clinical Chemistry +
-1. Ethical issues in clinical chemistry +
-2. Process of introducing new laboratory method in routine use +
-3. Repeatability, reproducibility, intermediate precision and interlaboratory precision +
-4. Measurement of within run precision using 20 sets of within-batch-duplicate measurement +
-5. Precision profile of an examination at different analyte concentration +
-6. Evaluation of the Linearity of Quantitative Measurement Procedures CLSI EP 06-A +
-7. LoB,LoD,LoQ and LoL +
-8. Procedures for setting analytical goals for clinical chemistry examinations +
-9. Bland Altman plot for comparison between two methods +
-10. Absolute and relative Bland Altman plot for comparison between two methods +
-11. Regression analysis +
-12. Concept of significant digits in clinical chemistry +
-13. Traceability and measurement uncertainty +
-14. Sensitivity and specificity of diagnostic test and ROC curve +
-15. Types of clinical questions addressed in laboratory medicine with examples +
-16. Hierarchy of evidences for decision making about appropriateness of a laboratory examination +
-17. Standards for reporting diagnostic accuracy (STARD) used for evaluating evidence published for accuracy of laboratory test +
-18. Critical appraisal and systemic review of diagnostic tests +
-19. Economic evaluation of diagnostic tests +
-20. Different meanings of “Normal Value” and difference from “Reference value” and “Clinical decision limits” +
-21. Conditions to compare patient results with reference values +
-22. Strategies for selecting reference individuals for determining reference values of a diagnostic test +
-23. Parametric and nonparametric methods for determining reference values +
-24. Univariate, multiple univariate and multivariate reference values +
-25. Subject based reference values +
-26. Circadian rhythm as preanalytical variable +
-27. Diet and alcohol as preanalytical variable +
-28. Noncontrollable preanalytical variable +
-29. Biological variability of clinical chemistry examinations +
-30. Recommended order of draw, stopper color, content and inversions +
-31. Types of vacuum tubes for collection of blood for serum +
-32. Newer advances in vacuum tubes technology for patient and phlebotomist safety +
-33. Skin puncture for sample collection +
-34. Arterial puncture for sample collection +
-35. Various anticoagulents and preservatives in blood +
-36. Collection of urine specimen +
-37. Cost of Quality with reference to clinical laboratory +
-38. Concept of six sigma and measurement of sigma in a clinical chemistry laboratory +
-39. Calibrator traceability +
-40. LJ Chart for quality control +
-41. Westgard rules for interpretation of QC results +
-42. Control of quality using patient data from single and multiple patients +
-43. Desirable characteristics of EQA program for clinical chemistry +
-44. Explain Trueness, accuracy and precision with examples +
-45. Explain repeatability and reproducibility with examples +
-46. mole, molarity, molality and normality +
-47. Concentration quantities and units in clinical biochemistry +
-48. SI units in clinical biochemistry +
-49. Standardized reporting of test results +
-50. Reagent grade water – CLSI specifications and preparation/instrumentation +
-51. Reference materials, Reference methods and Reference laboratories +
-52. Measurement of volume in clinical chemistry +
-53. Micropipette/Pipette/ Volumetric flask calibration +
-54. Types, operating principles, calibration, care and maintenance of centrifuges +
-55. Buffers in clinical chemistry reagents – principles, preparation and uses +
-56. Ethical issues in clinical chemistry +
-57. Hazards in clinical laboratory +
-58. Classification of fires and fire extinguisher requirements +
-59. Color coding, order of draw, mixing recommendations of vacuum tubes for sample collection +
-60. Causes and prevention of error and hazards in sample collection +
-61. Beer's law, relationship between Transmittance and Absorbance and its application in clinical chemistry. +
-62. Explain concept and application of Molar Absorptivity giving suitable examples. +
-63. Draw diagram of a spectrophotometer. How double-beam-in-time spectrophotometer differ from double-beam-in-space spectrophotometer +
-64. Light sources in analytical equipments +
-65. Spectral isolation in optical analytical equipments +
-66. Wavelengh accuracy, spectral band width, stray light and photometric accuracy of optical analytical equipments +
-67. Principle, instrumentation and use of atomic absorption spectrometry in clinical chemistry +
-68. Zeeman correction in atomic absorption spectrometry +
-69. Principle of flurometry and fluroscence polarization +
-70. Components of flurometric equipment +
-71. Principles of Luminecence, bioluminecence, chemiluminecence, enhanced chemileuminecence and electrochemileuminicence +
-72. Principle and instrumentation of nephelometry and turbidimetry +
-73. Potentiometry using Ion selective electrodes for H+, Na+, K+ and Cl- +
-74. Potentiometry electrodes for pCO2 +
-75. Amperometric electrode for pO2 +
-76. Amperometric O2 based and H2O2 based glucose electrodes +
-77. Potentiometric enzyme electrode for blood urea +
-78. Biosensors – enzyme based and affinity based +
-79. Affinity sensors for specific protein and DNA detection +
-80. Electrophoresis support media +
-81. Isoelectric focusing +
-82. Principle of SDS PAGE +
-83. Troubleshooting SDS PAGE +
-84. Principle, instrumentation and uses of capillary electrophoresis +
-85. Microchip electrophoresis +
-86. Separation mechanisms used in chromatography +
-87. Size exclusion chromatography +
-88. Affinity chromatography +
-89. Explain chromatographic resolution and efficiency +
-90. Instrumentation of HPLC +
-91. HPLC sample injector +
-92. HPLC columns +
-93. HPLC detectors +
-94. Instrumentation of Gas Chromatography +
-95. GC detectors +
-96. Principle of electron and chemical ionization in mass spectrometer +
-97. Electrospray Ionization for mass spectrometry +
-98. MALDI mass spectrometry +
-99. Principles of various mass analysers for mass spectrometry +
-100. Quadruple mass analysers +
-101. Magnetic sector mass analysers +
-102. TOF mass analysers +
-103. Quadrupole and linear ion trap mass analysers +
-104. Tandom mass spectrometry +
-105. Clinical applications of mass spectrometer +
-106. Define isoenzymes. Explain genetic origin of isoenzymes. Enlist non-genetic modifications of enzymes resulting in isoforms. +
-107. Measurement of enzymes by reaction rates +
-108. Strategy for detection of above-linearity range ALT in automated chemistry analysers +
-109. Traceability of enzyme measurement +
-110. Enzymes as analytical reagents +
-111. Monoclonal antibody productions +
-112. Labeled immunochemical assays +
-113. Competitive vs. noncompetitive immunoassay +
-114. Labels used for nonisotopic immunoassay and their detection limits +
-115. Heterogenous vs. homogenous immunoassay +
-116. CEDIA and EMIT +
-117. Homogenous polarization fluroimmunoassay +
-118. Principle of PCR +
-119. PCR optimization and primer design +
-120. PCR contamination control +
-121. Hot start PCR +
-122. Asymmetric PCR +
-123. Allele specific PCR +
-124. Single molecule PCR +
-125. Isothermic PCR amplification based on transcription +
-126. PCR application detection techniques +
-127. PCR amplicon discrimination techniques +
-128. PCR-RFLP +
-129. Single stranded conformation polymorphism for discrimination of PCR products +
-130. Denaturing gradient and temperature gradient electrophoresis for discrimination of PCR products +
-131. Dideoxy terminal sequencing of DNA principle and automated sequencing +
-132. Emulsion PCR +
-133. Bridge amplification +
-134. Absorbance melting curve of double helical nucleic acid +
-135. Dot-blot hybridization assay +
-136. Two color DNA microarray +
-137. DNA copy number variation assay +
-138. Single copy visualization assay +
-139. real time PCR with dsDNA binding dyes +
-140. Real time monitoring of PCR and melting analysis +
-141. Detection, quantification and identification of amplicon in real time PCR +
-142. Common probes and dyes for realtime PCR +
-143. Microchip electrophoresis device +
-144. Automation in sample identification and data collection +
-145. Automation in sample transporters +
-146. Describe components of a automated discrete analyser. +
-147. Use of barcoding in clinical laboratory +
-148. Components of Integrated automation system in clinical laboratory +
-149. Advantages and disadvantages of POCT +
-150. Ideal requirements of POCT +
-151. Classification of POCT devices +
-152. Principle of electrochemical glucose strip used in glucometers +
-153. Principle of lateral flow immunoassay +
-154. Principles of HbA1C POCT instruments +
-155. Assessing need for POCT service +
-156. **Principles, advantages,disadvantages, clinical interpretation** of various methods for measurement of ALT, AST, Amylase, LDH, CKMB, Psudocholinesterase, ALP, Lipase, total protein, albumin, creatinine, urea, uric acid, Glucose,Cholesterol, TG, HDL, LDL, iron, TIBC HbA1C, Bilirubin, TSH, T4, Free T4, Other hormones and tumor markers]] +
-157. Describe genetics, clinical significance,methods for determinations, reference intervals for serum alkaline phosphatase +
-158. Current applications of tumor markers and their limitations +
-159. Current recommendations on use of tumor markers +
-160. Enzymes as tumor markers +
-161. Screening for urine microalbuminuria in diabetes mellitus +
-162. Describe formation of creatinine in body Describe salient features of chemical and enzymatic methods for serum creatinine measurement. Give account of quality issues in creatinine measurement. List advantages and disadvantages of markers of GFR. Explain use of IDMS traceable MDRD equation for estimating GFR from serum creatinine. +
-163. DM diagnostic guideline +
-164. ATP IV Hypercholesterolemia diagnostic guidline +
-165. Cholesterol reference material, method and laboratories +
-166. beta thalassemia – genetics, pathogenesis, diagnosis +
-167. Explain different types of isoenzymes and isoforms of Creatine Kinase in humans. Describe principle of measurement of CK-MB by catalytic method and mass method. Why the catalytic method generally contain N-acetyl cysteine, AMP and diadenosine-pentaphosphate+