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1. Enzymes do not affect equilibrium of chemical reaction.

2. Km and Vmax in competitive and noncompetitive enzyme inhibition

3. Catalytic constant and catalytic efficiency

4. Difference between feedback regulation and feedback inhibition

Describe biochemical structure of bacterial cell wall and give overview of its synthesis. How does it differ in Gram positive and negative organisms. Describe biochemical mechanism of action of antibiotics affecting bacterial cell wall. Explain biochemical strategies used by bacteria to develop resistance to these antibiotics. Explain mechanism of autoimmune disease following bacterial infection and immune-mediated hypersensitivity to antibiotics

11. Single molecule enzymology 12. Molar absorptivity of NADH and calculation of enzyme factors 13. Recombinant fusion proteins in affinity chromatography purification of proteins 14. artifacts from RNA world 19. Compare and contrast five Basic Local Alignment Search Tools (BLAST) 20. Cytochrome P-450 22. States of respiratory control 26. 28. Overview of amino acid metabolism 98. Membrane asymmetry 99. specialized plasma membranes 100. Structure of K+ channel and selectivity 101. Structure and function of clathrin coated vesicles 102. Group 1 and group 2 hormones 105. Regulation of gene expression by class 1 hormones 106. G protein coupled receptors 107. Phospholipase C mediated second messenger system 108. Insulin signaling - 109. Nuclear receptor superfamily 115. Sources of free radicals and tissue damages caused by them 116. Antioxidents can be pro-oxidents 124. COP 1, COP2 and clathrin coated vesicles 125. Lectins 126. Role of dolichol in synthesis of N-linked glycoprotein 127. GPI anchored proteind 131. Biochemical mechanism of bone resorption in ostoclast 132. Molecular organization in cartilages 133. Biochemical events occurring during skeletal muscle contraction 134. Biochemical peculiarities and functions of sarcoplasmic reticulum 135. Dystrophin and musle cytoskeleton 136. Regulation of smooth muscle contraction 137. Difference in biochemical mechanism between skeletal and smooth muscle contraction 138. Metabolism and function of nitrogen oxide 139. Biochemical difference between muscle fibers and fuel used by sprinter and marathon runner 140. Non-heme transport of iron in enterocytes 141. Transferrin cycle 142. Regulation of synthesis of Ferritin and Transferrin-receptor 143. Role of hepcidin in iron metabolism 144. Changes in various laboratory tests in iron deficiency anemia 145. alpha-1 antitrypsin function and deficiency 146. genetics of ABO blood groups 147. Metabolism of RBC 148. Important reactions related to oxidative stress in various cells 149. RBC cytoskeleton and hereditary spherocytosis 150. Respiratory burst in neutrophils and related disorders 151. Role of NADPH oxidase and myeloperoxidase in neutrophils 152. Properties of cytochrome P450 153. Various types of type-2 reactions in metabolism of xenobiotics 154. Xenobiotic mediated cell inury 155. Mitochondrial theory of aging 156. Role of protein glycation in protein-protein crosslinking 157. Metabolic theory of aging 158. Telomere – structure, function and its replication 159. Ames test for detection of carcinogens 160. Oncogenes 161. Biochemical basis of apoptosis 162. Biochemical aspects of metastasis 163. Mechanism of action of various anticancer drugs 164. Hypoxia induced molecular events leading to altered gene expression 165. Explain leuminescence, chemileuminescence, bioleuminesence, enhanced chemileuminesence, and electrochemileuminesence 166. Dietary reference intake 167. Shotgun sequencing 168. Ethics in medical laboratory 169. Principle of electrochemileuminesence 170. Cost minimization, cost-benifit, cost-effectiveness and cost-utility analysis for laboratory tests 171. Various types of blood collection tubes for serum separation 172. Lactic acidosis – causes and biochemical basis of expected results of various laboratory examination 173. Causes and biochemical basis of expected results of various laboratory examination in diabetic ketoacidosis 174. Biochemical basis of expected results of Blood gas analysis in severe emphysema 175. Biochemical basis of expected results of various laboratory examination in renal tubular acidosis 176. Capillary blood sampling – methods and uses 177. Types questions clinicians try to answer by requesting laboratory examinations 178. Voltametry in clinical chemistry 179. Types of bilirubin in plasma and its detection by various methods 180. Limitations of use of SI units in clinical chemistry 181. Blunt end recombination of DNA 182. Laboratory Medicine 1. ISO 15189-2012 2. ISO 15189-2012 vs 2007 3. NABL-112 4. Process of NABL accreditation 5. Explain any 10 special terms and definitions used in ISO 15189-2012 6. Document control in NABL accredited clinical laboratory / requirements in ISO 15189-2012 7. Identification, control, correction and prevention of nonconformity [in NABL accredited clinical laboratory / requirements in ISO 15189-2012 8. Internal audit in NABL accredited clinical laboratory / requirements in ISO 15189-2012 9. Risk management in NABL accredited clinical laboratory / requirements in ISO 15189-2012 10. Quality indicators in NABL accredited clinical laboratory / requirements in ISO 15189-2012 11. Personnel records in NABL accredited clinical laboratory / requirements in ISO 15189-2012 12. Equipment records in NABL accredited clinical laboratory / requirements in ISO 15189-2012 13. Reagents and consumables requirements in ISO 15189-2012 / management in NABL accredited clinical laboratory 14. Requirements in ISO 15189-2012 about Information for patients and users 15. Requirements in ISO 15189-2012 about Request form information 16. Requirements in ISO 15189-2012 about verification and validation of examination procedure 17. Explain measurement uncertainty and its requirements in ISO 15189-2012 18. Requirements in ISO 15189-2012 about documentation of examination procedures 19. Report content requirements in ISO 15189-2012 20. Requirements in ISO 15189-2012 about release of reports 21. Information system management requirements in ISO 15189-2012 22. Describe detailed process map of blood sample centrifugation. Identify risks involved in the process and possible steps to mitigate them. 23. nabl.pdf Medical Education 1. Microteaching 2. OSPE and OSCE 3. Teaching methods for large group 4. Teaching methods for small group 5. Problem based learning 6. Teaching aids 7. Characteristics of good poster presentation 8. Characteristics of good slide presentation to 150 student class 9. How to write good MCQ question paper Pharmacology (Biochemical Mechanism of Action of Drugs) and Microbiology 1. statin 2. fibrate 3. Niacin 4. cholestyramin 5. ezetimibe 6. penicilline 7. quinolone 8. folate antagonists 9. sulphonamide 10. neuraminidase inhibitors 11. protease inhibitors 12. M protein inhibitor- amantidine 13. Reverse trascriptase inhibitors 14. integrase inhibitors 15. anti cancer drugs mechanism 16. H1N1 17. HIV Immunology 1. Immunoglobulin 2. Complement 3. B cell Receptor 4. T Cell receptors 5. MHC 6. Immune diversityAllelic exclusion, DNA rearrangement in B and T cell, Junctional diversity, Somatic hypermutation, Isotype switching 7. Extracelluar and intracellular antigen presentation 8. T Cell activation 9. B Cell activation 10. T cell and B cell effector functions 11. ADA, Chronic granulomatous disease, Ataxia Telegactesia 12. Autoimmunity a. Self tolerance b. Central c. Peripheral d. Loss of self tolerance e. structural molecular mimicry f. sequestration g. Neoantigen h. Epitope spreading Clinical Chemistry 1. Ethical issues in clinical chemistry 2. Process of introducing new laboratory method in routine use 3. Repeatability, reproducibility, intermediate precision and interlaboratory precision 4. Measurement of within run precision using 20 sets of within-batch-duplicate measurement 5. Precision profile of an examination at different analyte concentration 6. Evaluation of the Linearity of Quantitative Measurement Procedures CLSI EP 06-A 7. LoB,LoD,LoQ and LoL 8. Procedures for setting analytical goals for clinical chemistry examinations 9. Bland Altman plot for comparison between two methods 10. Absolute and relative Bland Altman plot for comparison between two methods 11. Regression analysis 12. Concept of significant digits in clinical chemistry 13. Traceability and measurement uncertainty 14. Sensitivity and specificity of diagnostic test and ROC curve 15. Types of clinical questions addressed in laboratory medicine with examples 16. Hierarchy of evidences for decision making about appropriateness of a laboratory examination 17. Standards for reporting diagnostic accuracy (STARD) used for evaluating evidence published for accuracy of laboratory test 18. Critical appraisal and systemic review of diagnostic tests 19. Economic evaluation of diagnostic tests 20. Different meanings of “Normal Value” and difference from “Reference value” and “Clinical decision limits” 21. Conditions to compare patient results with reference values 22. Strategies for selecting reference individuals for determining reference values of a diagnostic test 23. Parametric and nonparametric methods for determining reference values 24. Univariate, multiple univariate and multivariate reference values 25. Subject based reference values 26. Circadian rhythm as preanalytical variable 27. Diet and alcohol as preanalytical variable 28. Noncontrollable preanalytical variable 29. Biological variability of clinical chemistry examinations 30. Recommended order of draw, stopper color, content and inversions 31. Types of vacuum tubes for collection of blood for serum 32. Newer advances in vacuum tubes technology for patient and phlebotomist safety 33. Skin puncture for sample collection 34. Arterial puncture for sample collection 35. Various anticoagulents and preservatives in blood 36. Collection of urine specimen 37. Cost of Quality with reference to clinical laboratory 38. Concept of six sigma and measurement of sigma in a clinical chemistry laboratory 39. Calibrator traceability 40. LJ Chart for quality control 41. Westgard rules for interpretation of QC results 42. Control of quality using patient data from single and multiple patients 43. Desirable characteristics of EQA program for clinical chemistry 44. Explain Trueness, accuracy and precision with examples 45. Explain repeatability and reproducibility with examples 46. mole, molarity, molality and normality 47. Concentration quantities and units in clinical biochemistry 48. SI units in clinical biochemistry 49. Standardized reporting of test results 50. Reagent grade water – CLSI specifications and preparation/instrumentation 51. Reference materials, Reference methods and Reference laboratories 52. Measurement of volume in clinical chemistry 53. Micropipette/Pipette/ Volumetric flask calibration 54. Types, operating principles, calibration, care and maintenance of centrifuges 55. Buffers in clinical chemistry reagents – principles, preparation and uses 56. Ethical issues in clinical chemistry 57. Hazards in clinical laboratory 58. Classification of fires and fire extinguisher requirements 59. Color coding, order of draw, mixing recommendations of vacuum tubes for sample collection 60. Causes and prevention of error and hazards in sample collection 61. Beer's law, relationship between Transmittance and Absorbance and its application in clinical chemistry. 62. Explain concept and application of Molar Absorptivity giving suitable examples. 63. Draw diagram of a spectrophotometer. How double-beam-in-time spectrophotometer differ from double-beam-in-space spectrophotometer 64. Light sources in analytical equipments 65. Spectral isolation in optical analytical equipments 66. Wavelengh accuracy, spectral band width, stray light and photometric accuracy of optical analytical equipments 67. Principle, instrumentation and use of atomic absorption spectrometry in clinical chemistry 68. Zeeman correction in atomic absorption spectrometry 69. Principle of flurometry and fluroscence polarization 70. Components of flurometric equipment 71. Principles of Luminecence, bioluminecence, chemiluminecence, enhanced chemileuminecence and electrochemileuminicence 72. Principle and instrumentation of nephelometry and turbidimetry 73. Potentiometry using Ion selective electrodes for H+, Na+, K+ and Cl- 74. Potentiometry electrodes for pCO2 75. Amperometric electrode for pO2 76. Amperometric O2 based and H2O2 based glucose electrodes 77. Potentiometric enzyme electrode for blood urea 78. Biosensors – enzyme based and affinity based 79. Affinity sensors for specific protein and DNA detection 80. Electrophoresis support media 81. Isoelectric focusing 82. Principle of SDS PAGE 83. Troubleshooting SDS PAGE 84. Principle, instrumentation and uses of capillary electrophoresis 85. Microchip electrophoresis 86. Separation mechanisms used in chromatography 87. Size exclusion chromatography 88. Affinity chromatography 89. Explain chromatographic resolution and efficiency 90. Instrumentation of HPLC 91. HPLC sample injector 92. HPLC columns 93. HPLC detectors 94. Instrumentation of Gas Chromatography 95. GC detectors 96. Principle of electron and chemical ionization in mass spectrometer 97. Electrospray Ionization for mass spectrometry 98. MALDI mass spectrometry 99. Principles of various mass analysers for mass spectrometry 100. Quadruple mass analysers 101. Magnetic sector mass analysers 102. TOF mass analysers 103. Quadrupole and linear ion trap mass analysers 104. Tandom mass spectrometry 105. Clinical applications of mass spectrometer 106. Define isoenzymes. Explain genetic origin of isoenzymes. Enlist non-genetic modifications of enzymes resulting in isoforms. 107. Measurement of enzymes by reaction rates 108. Strategy for detection of above-linearity range ALT in automated chemistry analysers 109. Traceability of enzyme measurement 110. Enzymes as analytical reagents 111. Monoclonal antibody productions 112. Labeled immunochemical assays 113. Competitive vs. noncompetitive immunoassay 114. Labels used for nonisotopic immunoassay and their detection limits 115. Heterogenous vs. homogenous immunoassay 116. CEDIA and EMIT 117. Homogenous polarization fluroimmunoassay 118. Principle of PCR 119. PCR optimization and primer design 120. PCR contamination control 121. Hot start PCR 122. Asymmetric PCR 123. Allele specific PCR 124. Single molecule PCR 125. Isothermic PCR amplification based on transcription 126. PCR application detection techniques 127. PCR amplicon discrimination techniques 128. PCR-RFLP 129. Single stranded conformation polymorphism for discrimination of PCR products 130. Denaturing gradient and temperature gradient electrophoresis for discrimination of PCR products 131. Dideoxy terminal sequencing of DNA principle and automated sequencing 132. Emulsion PCR 133. Bridge amplification 134. Absorbance melting curve of double helical nucleic acid 135. Dot-blot hybridization assay 136. Two color DNA microarray 137. DNA copy number variation assay 138. Single copy visualization assay 139. real time PCR with dsDNA binding dyes 140. Real time monitoring of PCR and melting analysis 141. Detection, quantification and identification of amplicon in real time PCR 142. Common probes and dyes for realtime PCR 143. Microchip electrophoresis device 144. Automation in sample identification and data collection 145. Automation in sample transporters 146. Describe components of a automated discrete analyser. 147. Use of barcoding in clinical laboratory 148. Components of Integrated automation system in clinical laboratory 149. Advantages and disadvantages of POCT 150. Ideal requirements of POCT 151. Classification of POCT devices 152. Principle of electrochemical glucose strip used in glucometers 153. Principle of lateral flow immunoassay 154. Principles of HbA1C POCT instruments 155. Assessing need for POCT service 156. Principles, advantages,disadvantages, clinical interpretation of various methods for measurement of ALT, AST, Amylase, LDH, CKMB, Psudocholinesterase, ALP, Lipase, total protein, albumin, creatinine, urea, uric acid, Glucose,Cholesterol, TG, HDL, LDL, iron, TIBC HbA1C, Bilirubin, TSH, T4, Free T4, Other hormones and tumor markers]] 157. Describe genetics, clinical significance,methods for determinations, reference intervals for serum alkaline phosphatase 158. Current applications of tumor markers and their limitations 159. Current recommendations on use of tumor markers 160. Enzymes as tumor markers 161. Screening for urine microalbuminuria in diabetes mellitus 162. Describe formation of creatinine in body Describe salient features of chemical and enzymatic methods for serum creatinine measurement. Give account of quality issues in creatinine measurement. List advantages and disadvantages of markers of GFR. Explain use of IDMS traceable MDRD equation for estimating GFR from serum creatinine. 163. DM diagnostic guideline 164. ATP IV Hypercholesterolemia diagnostic guidline 165. Cholesterol reference material, method and laboratories 166. beta thalassemia – genetics, pathogenesis, diagnosis 167. Explain different types of isoenzymes and isoforms of Creatine Kinase in humans. Describe principle of measurement of CK-MB by catalytic method and mass method. Why the catalytic method generally contain N-acetyl cysteine, AMP and diadenosine-pentaphosphate