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theory_question [2025/02/08 05:41] – created admintheory_question [2025/02/10 07:17] (current) – [PG Previous year question paper] admin
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-MD (Biochemistry) +=====MD (Biochemistry)===== 
-Approximate distribution of Topics for Theory Papers +====PG Resident Resource==== 
-See VNSGU documents for latest information +====Approximate distribution of Topics for Theory Papers==== 
-Paper Topics + 
-1 Relevant topics of chemistry, physics, physiology,anatomy, microbiology, pathology,pharmacology,medical education technology, Medical ethics, Research methodology +^Paper^Topics^ 
-2 Biochemistry of Carbohydrate,Lipids,Proteins,hemoglobin and other important proteins,enzymes,Water,pH,minerals,vitamins. +|1|Relevant topics of chemistry, physics, physiology,anatomy, microbiology, pathology,pharmacology,medical education technology, Medical ethics, Research methodology| 
-3 Nucleic acid metabolism and genetics, immunology and endocrinology +|2|Biochemistry of Carbohydrate,Lipids,Proteins,hemoglobin and other important proteins,enzymes,Water,pH,minerals,vitamins.| 
-4 Laboratory medicine,Clinical chemistry,Molecular diagnostics and recent advances+|3|Nucleic acid metabolism and genetics, immunology and endocrinology| 
 +|4|Laboratory medicine,Clinical chemistry,Molecular diagnostics and recent advances|
 The Postgraduate study is integrative in nature. Overlap of topics is expected in all papers The Postgraduate study is integrative in nature. Overlap of topics is expected in all papers
-Logbook word copy and PDFlogbook_biochemistry.pdf logbook_biochemistry.docx microbiology_joining.odt biochemistry_journal.pdf pathology_joining.odt pathology_letter.odt microbiology_letter.odt 
  
-Miscellaneous topic enzyme_multiplied_immunoassay_technique.pdfdirect_indriect_method_of_sampling.pdfmiselenious.pdfmeasurment_of_radioactivity.pdfacid_base_balance.pdfbook-teaching_and_learning_methods_in_medicine_pdfdrive_.pdfbook_medical_teachers.pdf+====Logbook word copy and PDF==== 
 +|{{:logbook_biochemistry_new_1_.pdf |}}| {{ :logbook_biochemistry_new_1_.docx |}}| 
 + 
 +====Resident External Posting==== 
 +|{{:resident_external_posting.pdf|}}|{{ :resident_external_posting.docx |}}| 
 + 
 +====Resident Practical Resourse==== 
 +|{{:ug_journal.docx |}}|{{ :ug_journal.pdf |}}| 
 + 
 +====PG Previous question paper==== 
 +^batch^Month & year^theory^pdf^ 
 +|2022-2025|Dec 2024|Prelims|{{ :prelims_theory_paper_nov_2024.pdf |}} | 
 +| | |University|{{ :university_theory_paper_2025_1_.pdf |}} | 
  
-(Incomplete) Example List of questions for PG (MD Biochemistry Students)+====Example List of questions for PG (MD Biochemistry Students)====
 =====Core biochemistry===== =====Core biochemistry=====
   - How H2O2 is formed in human body | Describe biochemical reactions causing H2O2 mediated damage to cell membrane lipid| How NADPH is used to metabolize H2O2| How G6PD mutations are inherited| What are biochemical events causing hemolysis in G6PD deficiency| Explain principle of Methelene Blue based screening test for diagnosis of G6PD deficiency   - How H2O2 is formed in human body | Describe biochemical reactions causing H2O2 mediated damage to cell membrane lipid| How NADPH is used to metabolize H2O2| How G6PD mutations are inherited| What are biochemical events causing hemolysis in G6PD deficiency| Explain principle of Methelene Blue based screening test for diagnosis of G6PD deficiency
   - Explain role of Fe2+, heme and globins in hemoglobin mediated O2 and CO2 transport. Emphasize role of distal and proximal histidine of globin. Enlist series of molecular events responsible for increased O2 affinity of Hb when one of its globin bind O2. Explain molecular basis of relationship between O2 and carbon monoxide in context of hemoglobin structure and function. What is carbon monoxide concentration in various environment   - Explain role of Fe2+, heme and globins in hemoglobin mediated O2 and CO2 transport. Emphasize role of distal and proximal histidine of globin. Enlist series of molecular events responsible for increased O2 affinity of Hb when one of its globin bind O2. Explain molecular basis of relationship between O2 and carbon monoxide in context of hemoglobin structure and function. What is carbon monoxide concentration in various environment
-  - Describe biochemical structure of bacterial cell wall and give overview of its synthesis. How does it differ in Gram positive and negative organisms. Describe biochemical mechanism of action of antibiotics affecting bacterial cell wall. Explain biochemical strategies used by bacteria to develop resistance to these antibiotics. Explain mechanism of autoimmune disease following bacterial infection and immune-mediated hypersensitivity to antibiotics +  - Describe biochemical structure of bacterial cell wall and give overview of its synthesis. How does it differ in Gram positive and negative organisms. Describe biochemical mechanism of action of antibiotics affecting bacterial cell wall. Explain biochemical strategies used by bacteria to develop resistance to these antibiotics.      
-  - Protein life cycle+  - Explain mechanism of autoimmune disease following bacterial infection and immune-mediated hypersensitivity to antibiotics 
 +  - [[Protein life cycle]]
   - Protein sequencing using Edman reaction   - Protein sequencing using Edman reaction
   - Protein folding and its perturbation causing diseases   - Protein folding and its perturbation causing diseases
   - Post-translational modifications in collagen   - Post-translational modifications in collagen
-  - Enzymatic pathways of methemoglobin reduction and biochemical basis for use of methelene blue in treatment of methemoglobinemia. +  - [[Enzymatic pathways of methemoglobin reduction and biochemical basis for use of methelene blue in treatment of methemoglobinemia.]] 
-  - Enzymatic pathways of methemoglobin reduction and biochemical basis for use of methelene blue in reagents for diagnosis of G6PD deficiency. +  - [[Enzymatic pathways of methemoglobin reduction and biochemical basis for use of methelene blue in reagents for diagnosis of G6PD deficiency.]] 
-  - Amino acid substitutions in hemoglobin variants and correlation with electrophoretic mobility and sickling test+  - [[Amino acid substitutions in hemoglobin variants and correlation with electrophoretic mobility and sickling test]]
   - Single molecule enzymology   - Single molecule enzymology
   - Molar absorptivity of NADH and calculation of enzyme factors   - Molar absorptivity of NADH and calculation of enzyme factors
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   - Inflammatory Markers in COVID19 management   - Inflammatory Markers in COVID19 management
   - Biochemical Differences between delta and omicron variants of SARSCoV2 ant its clinical significance   - Biochemical Differences between delta and omicron variants of SARSCoV2 ant its clinical significance
-  - +
 =====Laboratory Medicine===== =====Laboratory Medicine=====
   - ISO 15189-2012   - ISO 15189-2012
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   - How to write good MCQ question paper   - How to write good MCQ question paper
  
-Pharmacology (Biochemical Mechanism of Action of Drugs) and Microbiology +=====Pharmacology (Biochemical Mechanism of Action of Drugs) and Microbiology===== 
-statin +  - statin 
-fibrate +  - fibrate 
-Niacin +  - Niacin 
-cholestyramin +  - cholestyramin 
-ezetimibe +  - ezetimibe 
-penicilline +  - penicilline 
-quinolone +  - quinolone 
-folate antagonists +  - folate antagonists 
-sulphonamide +  - sulphonamide 
-neuraminidase inhibitors +  - neuraminidase inhibitors 
-protease inhibitors +  - protease inhibitors 
-M protein inhibitor- amantidine +  - M protein inhibitor- amantidine 
-Reverse trascriptase inhibitors +  - Reverse trascriptase inhibitors 
-integrase inhibitors +  - integrase inhibitors 
-anti cancer drugs mechanism +  - anti cancer drugs mechanism 
-H1N1 +  - H1N1 
-HIV +  - HIV 
-Immunology + 
-Immunoglobulin +=====Immunology===== 
-Complement +  - Immunoglobulin 
-B cell Receptor +  - Complement 
-T Cell receptors +  - B cell Receptor 
-MHC +  - T Cell receptors 
-Immune diversityAllelic exclusion, DNA rearrangement in B and T cell, Junctional diversity, Somatic hypermutation, Isotype switching +  - MHC 
-Extracelluar and intracellular antigen presentation +  - Immune diversityAllelic exclusion, DNA rearrangement in B and T cell, Junctional diversity, Somatic hypermutation, Isotype switching 
-T Cell activation +  - Extracelluar and intracellular antigen presentation 
-B Cell activation +  - T Cell activation 
-T cell and B cell effector functions +  - B Cell activation 
-ADA, Chronic granulomatous disease, Ataxia Telegactesia +  - T cell and B cell effector functions 
-Autoimmunity +  - ADA, Chronic granulomatous disease, Ataxia Telegactesia 
-Self tolerance +  - Autoimmunity 
-Central +  * Self tolerance 
-Peripheral +  * Central 
-Loss of self tolerance +  * Peripheral 
-structural molecular mimicry +  * Loss of self tolerance 
-sequestration +  * structural molecular mimicry 
-Neoantigen +  * sequestration 
-Epitope spreading +  * Neoantigen 
-Clinical Chemistry +  * Epitope spreading 
-Ethical issues in clinical chemistry + 
-Process of introducing new laboratory method in routine use +=====Clinical Chemistry===== 
-Repeatability, reproducibility, intermediate precision and interlaboratory precision +  - Ethical issues in clinical chemistry 
-Measurement of within run precision using 20 sets of within-batch-duplicate measurement +  - Process of introducing new laboratory method in routine use 
-Precision profile of an examination at different analyte concentration +  - Repeatability, reproducibility, intermediate precision and interlaboratory precision 
-Evaluation of the Linearity of Quantitative Measurement Procedures CLSI EP 06-A +  - Measurement of within run precision using 20 sets of within-batch-duplicate measurement 
-LoB,LoD,LoQ and LoL +  - Precision profile of an examination at different analyte concentration 
-Procedures for setting analytical goals for clinical chemistry examinations +  - Evaluation of the Linearity of Quantitative Measurement Procedures CLSI EP 06-A 
-Bland Altman plot for comparison between two methods +  - LoB,LoD,LoQ and LoL 
-Absolute and relative Bland Altman plot for comparison between two methods +  - Procedures for setting analytical goals for clinical chemistry examinations 
-Regression analysis +  - Bland Altman plot for comparison between two methods 
-Concept of significant digits in clinical chemistry +  - Absolute and relative Bland Altman plot for comparison between two methods 
-Traceability and measurement uncertainty +  - Regression analysis 
-Sensitivity and specificity of diagnostic test and ROC curve +  - Concept of significant digits in clinical chemistry 
-Types of clinical questions addressed in laboratory medicine with examples +  - Traceability and measurement uncertainty 
-Hierarchy of evidences for decision making about appropriateness of a laboratory examination +  - Sensitivity and specificity of diagnostic test and ROC curve 
-Standards for reporting diagnostic accuracy (STARD) used for evaluating evidence published for accuracy of laboratory test +  - Types of clinical questions addressed in laboratory medicine with examples 
-Critical appraisal and systemic review of diagnostic tests +  - Hierarchy of evidences for decision making about appropriateness of a laboratory examination 
-Economic evaluation of diagnostic tests +  - Standards for reporting diagnostic accuracy (STARD) used for evaluating evidence published for accuracy of laboratory test 
-Different meanings of “Normal Value” and difference from “Reference value” and “Clinical decision limits” +  - Critical appraisal and systemic review of diagnostic tests 
-Conditions to compare patient results with reference values +  - Economic evaluation of diagnostic tests 
-Strategies for selecting reference individuals for determining reference values of a diagnostic test +  - Different meanings of “Normal Value” and difference from “Reference value” and “Clinical decision limits” 
-Parametric and nonparametric methods for determining reference values +  - Conditions to compare patient results with reference values 
-Univariate, multiple univariate and multivariate reference values +  - Strategies for selecting reference individuals for determining reference values of a diagnostic test 
-Subject based reference values +  - Parametric and nonparametric methods for determining reference values 
-Circadian rhythm as preanalytical variable +  - Univariate, multiple univariate and multivariate reference values 
-Diet and alcohol as preanalytical variable +  - Subject based reference values 
-Noncontrollable preanalytical variable +  - Circadian rhythm as preanalytical variable 
-Biological variability of clinical chemistry examinations +  - Diet and alcohol as preanalytical variable 
-Recommended order of draw, stopper color, content and inversions +  - Noncontrollable preanalytical variable 
-Types of vacuum tubes for collection of blood for serum +  - Biological variability of clinical chemistry examinations 
-Newer advances in vacuum tubes technology for patient and phlebotomist safety +  - Recommended order of draw, stopper color, content and inversions 
-Skin puncture for sample collection +  - Types of vacuum tubes for collection of blood for serum 
-Arterial puncture for sample collection +  - Newer advances in vacuum tubes technology for patient and phlebotomist safety 
-Various anticoagulents and preservatives in blood +  - Skin puncture for sample collection 
-Collection of urine specimen +  - Arterial puncture for sample collection 
-Cost of Quality with reference to clinical laboratory +  - Various anticoagulents and preservatives in blood 
-Concept of six sigma and measurement of sigma in a clinical chemistry laboratory +  - Collection of urine specimen 
-Calibrator traceability +  - Cost of Quality with reference to clinical laboratory 
-LJ Chart for quality control +  - Concept of six sigma and measurement of sigma in a clinical chemistry laboratory 
-Westgard rules for interpretation of QC results +  - Calibrator traceability 
-Control of quality using patient data from single and multiple patients +  - LJ Chart for quality control 
-Desirable characteristics of EQA program for clinical chemistry +  - Westgard rules for interpretation of QC results 
-Explain Trueness, accuracy and precision with examples +  - Control of quality using patient data from single and multiple patients 
-Explain repeatability and reproducibility with examples +  - Desirable characteristics of EQA program for clinical chemistry 
-mole, molarity, molality and normality +  - Explain Trueness, accuracy and precision with examples 
-Concentration quantities and units in clinical biochemistry +  - Explain repeatability and reproducibility with examples 
-SI units in clinical biochemistry +  - mole, molarity, molality and normality 
-Standardized reporting of test results +  - Concentration quantities and units in clinical biochemistry 
-Reagent grade water – CLSI specifications and preparation/instrumentation +  - SI units in clinical biochemistry 
-Reference materials, Reference methods and Reference laboratories +  - Standardized reporting of test results 
-Measurement of volume in clinical chemistry +  - Reagent grade water – CLSI specifications and preparation/instrumentation 
-Micropipette/Pipette/ Volumetric flask calibration +  - Reference materials, Reference methods and Reference laboratories 
-Types, operating principles, calibration, care and maintenance of centrifuges +  - Measurement of volume in clinical chemistry 
-Buffers in clinical chemistry reagents – principles, preparation and uses +  - Micropipette/Pipette/ Volumetric flask calibration 
-Ethical issues in clinical chemistry +  - Types, operating principles, calibration, care and maintenance of centrifuges 
-Hazards in clinical laboratory +  - Buffers in clinical chemistry reagents – principles, preparation and uses 
-Classification of fires and fire extinguisher requirements +  - Ethical issues in clinical chemistry 
-Color coding, order of draw, mixing recommendations of vacuum tubes for sample collection +  - Hazards in clinical laboratory 
-Causes and prevention of error and hazards in sample collection +  - Classification of fires and fire extinguisher requirements 
-Beer's law, relationship between Transmittance and Absorbance and its application in clinical chemistry. +  - Color coding, order of draw, mixing recommendations of vacuum tubes for sample collection 
-Explain concept and application of Molar Absorptivity giving suitable examples. +  - Causes and prevention of error and hazards in sample collection 
-Draw diagram of a spectrophotometer. How double-beam-in-time spectrophotometer differ from double-beam-in-space spectrophotometer +  - Beer's law, relationship between Transmittance and Absorbance and its application in clinical chemistry. 
-Light sources in analytical equipments +  - Explain concept and application of Molar Absorptivity giving suitable examples. 
-Spectral isolation in optical analytical equipments +  - Draw diagram of a spectrophotometer. How double-beam-in-time spectrophotometer differ from double-beam-in-space spectrophotometer 
-Wavelengh accuracy, spectral band width, stray light and photometric accuracy of optical analytical equipments +  - Light sources in analytical equipments 
-Principle, instrumentation and use of atomic absorption spectrometry in clinical chemistry +  - Spectral isolation in optical analytical equipments 
-Zeeman correction in atomic absorption spectrometry +  - Wavelengh accuracy, spectral band width, stray light and photometric accuracy of optical analytical equipments 
-Principle of flurometry and fluroscence polarization +  - Principle, instrumentation and use of atomic absorption spectrometry in clinical chemistry 
-Components of flurometric equipment +  - Zeeman correction in atomic absorption spectrometry 
-Principles of Luminecence, bioluminecence, chemiluminecence, enhanced chemileuminecence and electrochemileuminicence +  - Principle of flurometry and fluroscence polarization 
-Principle and instrumentation of nephelometry and turbidimetry +  - Components of flurometric equipment 
-Potentiometry using Ion selective electrodes for H+, Na+, K+ and Cl- +  - Principles of Luminecence, bioluminecence, chemiluminecence, enhanced chemileuminecence and electrochemileuminicence 
-Potentiometry electrodes for pCO2 +  - Principle and instrumentation of nephelometry and turbidimetry 
-Amperometric electrode for pO2 +  - Potentiometry using Ion selective electrodes for H+, Na+, K+ and Cl- 
-Amperometric O2 based and H2O2 based glucose electrodes +  - Potentiometry electrodes for pCO2 
-Potentiometric enzyme electrode for blood urea +  - Amperometric electrode for pO2 
-Biosensors – enzyme based and affinity based +  - Amperometric O2 based and H2O2 based glucose electrodes 
-Affinity sensors for specific protein and DNA detection +  - Potentiometric enzyme electrode for blood urea 
-Electrophoresis support media +  - Biosensors – enzyme based and affinity based 
-Isoelectric focusing +  - Affinity sensors for specific protein and DNA detection 
-Principle of SDS PAGE +  - Electrophoresis support media 
-Troubleshooting SDS PAGE +  - Isoelectric focusing 
-Principle, instrumentation and uses of capillary electrophoresis +  - Principle of SDS PAGE 
-Microchip electrophoresis +  - Troubleshooting SDS PAGE 
-Separation mechanisms used in chromatography +  - Principle, instrumentation and uses of capillary electrophoresis 
-Size exclusion chromatography +  - Microchip electrophoresis 
-Affinity chromatography +  - Separation mechanisms used in chromatography 
-Explain chromatographic resolution and efficiency +  - Size exclusion chromatography 
-Instrumentation of HPLC +  - Affinity chromatography 
-HPLC sample injector +  - Explain chromatographic resolution and efficiency 
-HPLC columns +  - Instrumentation of HPLC 
-HPLC detectors +  - HPLC sample injector 
-Instrumentation of Gas Chromatography +  - HPLC columns 
-GC detectors +  - HPLC detectors 
-Principle of electron and chemical ionization in mass spectrometer +  - Instrumentation of Gas Chromatography 
-Electrospray Ionization for mass spectrometry +  - GC detectors 
-MALDI mass spectrometry +  - Principle of electron and chemical ionization in mass spectrometer 
-Principles of various mass analysers for mass spectrometry +  - Electrospray Ionization for mass spectrometry 
-Quadruple mass analysers +  - MALDI mass spectrometry 
-Magnetic sector mass analysers +  - Principles of various mass analysers for mass spectrometry 
-TOF mass analysers +  - Quadruple mass analysers 
-Quadrupole and linear ion trap mass analysers +  - Magnetic sector mass analysers 
-Tandom mass spectrometry +  - TOF mass analysers 
-Clinical applications of mass spectrometer +  - Quadrupole and linear ion trap mass analysers 
-Define isoenzymes. Explain genetic origin of isoenzymes. Enlist non-genetic modifications of enzymes resulting in isoforms. +  - Tandom mass spectrometry 
-Measurement of enzymes by reaction rates +  - Clinical applications of mass spectrometer 
-Strategy for detection of above-linearity range ALT in automated chemistry analysers +  - Define isoenzymes. Explain genetic origin of isoenzymes. Enlist non-genetic modifications of enzymes resulting in isoforms. 
-Traceability of enzyme measurement +  - Measurement of enzymes by reaction rates 
-Enzymes as analytical reagents +  - Strategy for detection of above-linearity range ALT in automated chemistry analysers 
-Monoclonal antibody productions +  - Traceability of enzyme measurement 
-Labeled immunochemical assays +  - Enzymes as analytical reagents 
-Competitive vs. noncompetitive immunoassay +  - Monoclonal antibody productions 
-Labels used for nonisotopic immunoassay and their detection limits +  - Labeled immunochemical assays 
-Heterogenous vs. homogenous immunoassay +  - Competitive vs. noncompetitive immunoassay 
-CEDIA and EMIT +  - Labels used for nonisotopic immunoassay and their detection limits 
-Homogenous polarization fluroimmunoassay +  - Heterogenous vs. homogenous immunoassay 
-Principle of PCR +  - CEDIA and EMIT 
-PCR optimization and primer design +  - Homogenous polarization fluroimmunoassay 
-PCR contamination control +  - Principle of PCR 
-Hot start PCR +  - PCR optimization and primer design 
-Asymmetric PCR +  - PCR contamination control 
-Allele specific PCR +  - Hot start PCR 
-Single molecule PCR +  - Asymmetric PCR 
-Isothermic PCR amplification based on transcription +  - Allele specific PCR 
-PCR application detection techniques +  - Single molecule PCR 
-PCR amplicon discrimination techniques +  - Isothermic PCR amplification based on transcription 
-PCR-RFLP +  - PCR application detection techniques 
-Single stranded conformation polymorphism for discrimination of PCR products +  - PCR amplicon discrimination techniques 
-Denaturing gradient and temperature gradient electrophoresis for discrimination of PCR products +  - PCR-RFLP 
-Dideoxy terminal sequencing of DNA principle and automated sequencing +  - Single stranded conformation polymorphism for discrimination of PCR products 
-Emulsion PCR +  - Denaturing gradient and temperature gradient electrophoresis for discrimination of PCR products 
-Bridge amplification +  - Dideoxy terminal sequencing of DNA principle and automated sequencing 
-Absorbance melting curve of double helical nucleic acid +  - Emulsion PCR 
-Dot-blot hybridization assay +  - Bridge amplification 
-Two color DNA microarray +  - Absorbance melting curve of double helical nucleic acid 
-DNA copy number variation assay +  - Dot-blot hybridization assay 
-Single copy visualization assay +  - Two color DNA microarray 
-real time PCR with dsDNA binding dyes +  - DNA copy number variation assay 
-Real time monitoring of PCR and melting analysis +  - Single copy visualization assay 
-Detection, quantification and identification of amplicon in real time PCR +  - real time PCR with dsDNA binding dyes 
-Common probes and dyes for realtime PCR +  - Real time monitoring of PCR and melting analysis 
-Microchip electrophoresis device +  - Detection, quantification and identification of amplicon in real time PCR 
-Automation in sample identification and data collection +  - Common probes and dyes for realtime PCR 
-Automation in sample transporters +  - Microchip electrophoresis device 
-Describe components of a automated discrete analyser. +  - Automation in sample identification and data collection 
-Use of barcoding in clinical laboratory +  - Automation in sample transporters 
-Components of Integrated automation system in clinical laboratory +  - Describe components of a automated discrete analyser. 
-Advantages and disadvantages of POCT +  - Use of barcoding in clinical laboratory 
-Ideal requirements of POCT +  - Components of Integrated automation system in clinical laboratory 
-Classification of POCT devices +  - Advantages and disadvantages of POCT 
-Principle of electrochemical glucose strip used in glucometers +  - Ideal requirements of POCT 
-Principle of lateral flow immunoassay +  - Classification of POCT devices 
-Principles of HbA1C POCT instruments +  - Principle of electrochemical glucose strip used in glucometers 
-Assessing need for POCT service +  - Principle of lateral flow immunoassay 
-**Principles, advantages,disadvantages, clinical interpretation** of various methods for measurement of ALT, AST, Amylase, LDH, CKMB, Psudocholinesterase, ALP, Lipase, total protein, albumin, creatinine, urea, uric acid, Glucose,Cholesterol, TG, HDL, LDL, iron, TIBC HbA1C, Bilirubin, TSH, T4, Free T4, Other hormones and tumor markers]] +  - Principles of HbA1C POCT instruments 
-Describe genetics, clinical significance,methods for determinations, reference intervals for serum alkaline phosphatase +  - Assessing need for POCT service 
-Current applications of tumor markers and their limitations +  - **Principles, advantages,disadvantages, clinical interpretation** of various methods for measurement of ALT, AST, Amylase, LDH, CKMB, Psudocholinesterase, ALP, Lipase, total protein, albumin, creatinine, urea, uric acid, Glucose,Cholesterol, TG, HDL, LDL, iron, TIBC HbA1C, Bilirubin, TSH, T4, Free T4, Other hormones and tumor markers]] 
-Current recommendations on use of tumor markers +  - Describe genetics, clinical significance,methods for determinations, reference intervals for serum alkaline phosphatase 
-Enzymes as tumor markers +  - Current applications of tumor markers and their limitations 
-Screening for urine microalbuminuria in diabetes mellitus +  - Current recommendations on use of tumor markers 
-Describe formation of creatinine in body Describe salient features of chemical and enzymatic methods for serum creatinine measurement. Give account of quality issues in creatinine measurement. List advantages and disadvantages of markers of GFR. Explain use of IDMS traceable MDRD equation for estimating GFR from serum creatinine. +  - Enzymes as tumor markers 
-DM diagnostic guideline +  - Screening for urine microalbuminuria in diabetes mellitus 
-ATP IV Hypercholesterolemia diagnostic guidline +  - Describe formation of creatinine in body Describe salient features of chemical and enzymatic methods for serum creatinine measurement. Give account of quality issues in creatinine measurement. List advantages and disadvantages of markers of GFR. Explain use of IDMS traceable MDRD equation for estimating GFR from serum creatinine. 
-Cholesterol reference material, method and laboratories +  - DM diagnostic guideline 
-beta thalassemia – genetics, pathogenesis, diagnosis +  - ATP IV Hypercholesterolemia diagnostic guidline 
-Explain different types of isoenzymes and isoforms of Creatine Kinase in humans. Describe principle of measurement of CK-MB by catalytic method and mass method. Why the catalytic method generally contain N-acetyl cysteine, AMP and diadenosine-pentaphosphate+  - Cholesterol reference material, method and laboratories 
 +  - beta thalassemia – genetics, pathogenesis, diagnosis 
 +  - Explain different types of isoenzymes and isoforms of Creatine Kinase in humans. Describe principle of measurement of CK-MB by catalytic method and mass method. Why the catalytic method generally contain N-acetyl cysteine, AMP and diadenosine-pentaphosphate