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--- enzymology [2025/01/08 16:15] – external edit 127.0.0.1
+++ enzymology [2025/02/09 10:31] (current) – admin
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-. Enzymes do not affect equilibrium of chemical reaction.
+  - Enzymes do not affect equilibrium of chemical reaction.
+  - Km and Vmax in competitive and noncompetitive enzyme inhibition
-. Km and Vmax in competitive and noncompetitive enzyme inhibition
+  - Catalytic constant and catalytic efficiency
+  - Difference between feedback regulation and feedback inhibition
-. Catalytic constant and catalytic efficiency
+  - Explain different types of isoenzymes and isoforms of Creatine Kinase in humans. Describe principle of measurement of CK-MB by catalytic method and mass method. Why the catalytic method generally contain N-acetyl cysteine, AMP and diadenosine-pentaphosphate
+  - Single molecule enzymology
-. Difference between feedback regulation and feedback inhibition
+  - Describe biochemical structure of bacterial cell wall and give overview of its synthesis. How does it differ in Gram positive and negative organisms.
+  - Describe biochemical mechanism of action of antibiotics affecting bacterial cell wall. Explain biochemical strategies used by bacteria to develop resistance to these antibiotics.
-. Explain different types of isoenzymes and isoforms of Creatine Kinase in humans. Describe principle of measurement of CK-MB by catalytic method and mass method. Why the catalytic method generally contain N-acetyl cysteine, AMP and diadenosine-pentaphosphate
+  - Explain mechanism of autoimmune disease following bacterial infection and immune-mediated hypersensitivity to antibiotics
+  - Molar absorptivity of NADH and calculation of enzyme factors
-. Single molecule enzymology
+  - Recombinant fusion proteins in affinity chromatography purification of proteins
+  - artifacts from RNA world
+  - Compare and contrast five Basic Local Alignment Search Tools (BLAST)
+  - Cytochrome P-450
+  - Overview of amino acid metabolism
+  - Membrane asymmetry
-Describe biochemical structure of bacterial cell wall and give overview of its synthesis. How does it differ in Gram positive and negative organisms. Describe biochemical mechanism of action of antibiotics affecting bacterial cell wall. Explain biochemical strategies used by bacteria to develop resistance to these antibiotics. Explain mechanism of autoimmune disease following bacterial infection and immune-mediated hypersensitivity to antibiotics
+  - specialized plasma membranes
+  - Structure of K+ channel and selectivity
+  - Structure and function of clathrin coated vesicles
+  -Group 1 and group 2 hormones
-.	Molar absorptivity of NADH and calculation of enzyme factors
+  - Regulation of gene expression by class 1 hormones
-.	Recombinant fusion proteins in affinity chromatography purification of proteins
+  - G protein coupled receptors
-.	artifacts from RNA world
+  - Phospholipase C mediated second messenger system
-.	Compare and contrast five Basic Local Alignment Search Tools (BLAST)
+  - Insulin signaling -
-.	Cytochrome P-450
+  - Nuclear receptor superfamily
-.	Overview of amino acid metabolism
+  -Sources of free radicals and tissue damages caused by them
-.	Membrane asymmetry
+  -Antioxidents can be pro-oxidents
-.	specialized plasma membranes
+  - COP 1, COP2 and clathrin coated vesicles
-.	Structure of K+ channel and selectivity
+  - Lectins
-.	Structure and function of clathrin coated vesicles
+  - Role of dolichol in synthesis of N-linked glycoprotein
-.	Group 1 and group 2 hormones
+  - GPI anchored proteind
-.	Regulation of gene expression by class 1 hormones
+  - Biochemical mechanism of bone resorption in ostoclast
-.	G protein coupled receptors
+  - Molecular organization in cartilages
-.	Phospholipase C mediated second messenger system
+  - Metabolism and function of nitrogen oxide
-.	Insulin signaling -
+  - alpha-1 antitrypsin function and deficiency
-.	Nuclear receptor superfamily
+  - genetics of ABO blood groups
-.	Sources of free radicals and tissue damages caused by them
+  - Metabolism of RBC
-.	Antioxidents can be pro-oxidents
+  - Important reactions related to oxidative stress in various cells
-.	COP 1, COP2 and clathrin coated vesicles
+  - RBC cytoskeleton and hereditary spherocytosis
-.	Lectins
+  - Respiratory burst in neutrophils and related disorders
-.	Role of dolichol in synthesis of N-linked glycoprotein
+  - Role of NADPH oxidase and myeloperoxidase in neutrophils
-.	GPI anchored proteind
+  - Properties of cytochrome P450
-.	Biochemical mechanism of bone resorption in ostoclast
+  -Various types of type-2 reactions in metabolism of xenobiotics
-.	Molecular organization in cartilages
+  - Xenobiotic mediated cell inury
-.	Metabolism and function of nitrogen oxide
+  - Mitochondrial theory of aging
-.	alpha-1 antitrypsin function and deficiency
+  - Role of protein glycation in protein-protein crosslinking
-.	genetics of ABO blood groups
+  - Metabolic theory of aging
-.	Metabolism of RBC
+  - Telomere – structure, function and its replication
-.	Important reactions related to oxidative stress in various cells
+  - Ames test for detection of carcinogens
-.	RBC cytoskeleton and hereditary spherocytosis
+  - Oncogenes
-.	Respiratory burst in neutrophils and related disorders
+  -Biochemical basis of apoptosis
-.	Role of NADPH oxidase and myeloperoxidase in neutrophils
+  - Biochemical aspects of metastasis
-.	Properties of cytochrome P450
+  - Explain leuminescence, chemileuminescence, bioleuminesence, enhanced chemileuminesence, and electrochemileuminesence
-.	Various types of type-2 reactions in metabolism of xenobiotics
+  - Dietary reference intake
-.	Xenobiotic mediated cell inury
+  - Shotgun sequencing
-.	Mitochondrial theory of aging
+  -  Ethics in medical laboratory
-.	Role of protein glycation in protein-protein crosslinking
+  - Principle of electrochemileuminesence
-.	Metabolic theory of aging
+  - Cost minimization, cost-benifit, cost-effectiveness and cost-utility analysis for laboratory tests
-.	Telomere – structure, function and its replication
+  -Various types of blood collection tubes for serum separation
-.	Ames test for detection of carcinogens
+  - Lactic acidosis – causes and biochemical basis of expected results of various laboratory examination
-.	Oncogenes
+  - Causes and biochemical basis of expected results of various laboratory examination in diabetic ketoacidosis
-.	Biochemical basis of apoptosis
+  - Biochemical basis of expected results of Blood gas analysis in severe emphysema
-.	Biochemical aspects of metastasis
+  -Biochemical basis of expected results of various laboratory examination in renal tubular acidosis
-.
+  -Capillary blood sampling – methods and uses
-.
+  - Types questions clinicians try to answer by requesting laboratory examinations
-.	Explain leuminescence, chemileuminescence, bioleuminesence, enhanced chemileuminesence, and electrochemileuminesence
+  - Voltametry in clinical chemistry
-.	Dietary reference intake
+  - Types of bilirubin in plasma and its detection by various methods
-.	Shotgun sequencing
+  -Limitations of use of SI units in clinical chemistry
-.	Ethics in medical laboratory
+  -Blunt end recombination of DNA
-.	Principle of electrochemileuminesence
+  -Describe detailed process map of blood sample centrifugation. Identify risks involved in the process and possible steps to mitigate them.
-.	Cost minimization, cost-benifit, cost-effectiveness and cost-utility analysis for laboratory tests
+  - Clinical Chemistry
-.	Various types of blood collection tubes for serum separation
+  - Ethical issues in clinical chemistry
-.	Lactic acidosis – causes and biochemical basis of expected results of various laboratory examination
+  - Principles, advantages,disadvantages, clinical interpretation** of various methods for measurement of ALT, AST, Amylase, LDH, CKMB, Psudocholinesterase, ALP, Lipase, total protein, albumin, creatinine, urea, uric acid, Glucose,Cholesterol, TG, HDL, LDL, iron, TIBC HbA1C, Bilirubin, TSH, T4, Free T4, Other hormones and tumor markers]]
-.	Causes and biochemical basis of expected results of various laboratory examination in diabetic ketoacidosis
+  - Describe genetics, clinical significance,methods for determinations, reference intervals for serum alkaline phosphatase
-.	Biochemical basis of expected results of Blood gas analysis in severe emphysema
+  - Current applications of tumor markers and their limitations
-.	Biochemical basis of expected results of various laboratory examination in renal tubular acidosis
+  -Current recommendations on use of tumor markers
-.	Capillary blood sampling – methods and uses
+  -  Enzymes as tumor markers
-.	Types questions clinicians try to answer by requesting laboratory examinations
+  -Screening for urine microalbuminuria in diabetes mellitus
-.	Voltametry in clinical chemistry
+  - Describe formation of creatinine in body Describe salient features of chemical and enzymatic methods for serum creatinine measurement. Give account of quality issues in creatinine measurement. List advantages and disadvantages of markers of GFR. Explain use of IDMS traceable MDRD equation for estimating GFR from serum creatinine.
-.	Types of bilirubin in plasma and its detection by various methods
-.	Limitations of use of SI units in clinical chemistry
-.	Blunt end recombination of DNA
-.	Describe detailed process map of blood sample centrifugation. Identify risks involved in the process and possible steps to mitigate them.
-Clinical Chemistry
-.	Ethical issues in clinical chemistry
-.
-.
-.	**Principles, advantages,disadvantages, clinical interpretation** of various methods for measurement of ALT, AST, Amylase, LDH, CKMB, Psudocholinesterase, ALP, Lipase, total protein, albumin, creatinine, urea, uric acid, Glucose,Cholesterol, TG, HDL, LDL, iron, TIBC HbA1C, Bilirubin, TSH, T4, Free T4, Other hormones and tumor markers]]
-.	Describe genetics, clinical significance,methods for determinations, reference intervals for serum alkaline phosphatase
-.	Current applications of tumor markers and their limitations
-.	Current recommendations on use of tumor markers
-.	Enzymes as tumor markers
-.	Screening for urine microalbuminuria in diabetes mellitus
-.	Describe formation of creatinine in body Describe salient features of chemical and enzymatic methods for serum creatinine measurement. Give account of quality issues in creatinine measurement. List advantages and disadvantages of markers of GFR. Explain use of IDMS traceable MDRD equation for estimating GFR from serum creatinine.